
The annual labour market survey carried out by the central office of statistics contains useful data about occupations. These annual studies rely upon the ISCO-codification system. The possibilities for disaggregation will greatly improve when the large scale census for 2001 is published at the end of 2003. The principle of providing statistics according to profession is very well developed in the public employment service of Austria (AMS). They have a very disaggregated classification system for recording unemployed records. Furthermore, they also publish data on the number of apprentices data, a number of logistical professions can be distinguished within this range of apprenticeships.
The central statistical office in Austria (Statistik Austria) http://www.statistik.at/ organises an annual labour market survey. This survey contains disaggregations according to occupation down to the ISCO-code at 3-digit level. In table 1.1 figures are presented for a number of relevant occupational groups over the years 1994, 1998 and 2001. The first four groups are broader occupational groups at higher level, which have subgroups more specifically related to work in logistics. For these higher level occupational groups, the proportion in total employment is growing. However, for many of the other occupational groups at more operational level, the proportion is declining over time.
Some of the selected ISCO-groups contain only a minority of logistics and transport related functions at a more disaggregate level. Therefore a more narrow selection has been made (for elaborate justification see Annex A ). This means that only 5 of the 11 occupational groups remain (342 Business services and trade brokers, 413 Material recording and transport clerks, 832 Motor-vehicle drivers, 932 Manufacturing labourers and 933 Transport labourers and freight handlers).
These 5 groups amount to a proportion of 5.5% of total employment, compared to the proportion of 11 groups of 13.2%. The actual figure will be somewhere in between these two, because these figures present the most optimistic and most negative possible.
| Table 1.1. Proportion in total employment of a number of relevant occupations, 1994, 1998 and 2001 | |||
| Proportion in total employment (%) | |||
| 1994 | 1998 | 2001 | |
| Production and operations department managers <122> | 1.03 | 1.05 | 1.11 |
| Other department managers <123> | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.89 |
| General managers <131> | 3.07 | 3.48 | 3.33 |
| Finance and sales professionals <341> | 1.23 | 1.30 | 1.42 |
| Business services and trade brokers <342> | 0.40 | 0.30 | 0.25 |
| Material recording and transport clerks <413> | 1.19 | 1.11 | 0.95 |
| Motor-vehicle drivers <832> | 2.97 | 3.02 | 2.99 |
| Agricultural and other mobile plant operators <833> | 1.36 | 1.11 | 0.86 |
| Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers <915> | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.08 |
| Manufacturing labourers <932> | 0.86 | 0.69 | 0.58 |
| Transport labourers and freight handlers <933> | 1.16 | 0.95 | 0.72 |
| Remaining occupations | 85.92 | 86.16 | 86.81 |
| total all professions | 100 | 100 | 100 |
| Total (%) | 100% | 100% | 100% |
| In numbers | 3592693 | 3596956 | 3685784 |
| Source: Statistik Austria. | |||
How are these occupations divided over sectors? What proportion of workers in these occupations can be found in the sectors which are of special interest: chemical industry, electronics, car industry, wholesale and transport?
In table 1.2 the data according to occupation is crossed with sector. We can see that transport and wholesale/retail are two important sectors for these occupations. On average half of the selected occupations work in the transport and wholesale/retail sectors. The selected manufacturing sectors account for only a small percentage of total employment of these occupations. These numbers should be seen as approximations, because the number in these cells are so small, that the bandwidth of uncertainty is large here. Furthermore the Labour Force Survey (LFS) is only a sample of total population.
| Table 1.2. Occupations by sector, 2001 | ||||||||
| Occupation | Proportion of occupation working in selected sector (%) | |||||||
| DG | DH | DL | DM | GA | IA | Other | Total | |
| Production and operations department managers <122> | 2.6 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 17.1 | 7.1 | 67.4 | 100 |
| Other department managers <123> | 3.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 27.4 | 8.6 | 55.0 | 100 |
| General managers <131> | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 35.4 | 5.1 | 58.3 | 100 |
| Finance and sales professionals <341> | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 49.9 | 1.5 | 44.4 | 100 |
| Business services and trade brokers <342> | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.8 | 3.1 | 79.8 | 100 |
| Material recording and transport clerks <413> | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 25.7 | 47.2 | 20.6 | 100 |
| Motor-vehicle drivers <832> | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10.3 | 60.9 | 28.0 | 100 |
| Agricultural and other mobile plant operators <833> | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 14.9 | 62.3 | 100 |
| Messengers, package and luggage porters and deliverers <915> | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6 | 16.3 | 79.1 | 100 |
| Manufacturing labourers <932> | 5.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 79.9 | 100 |
| Transport labourers and freight handlers <933> | 2.1 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 35.2 | 16.2 | 42.8 | 100 |
| All selected occupations | 1.2 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 8.0 | 24.4 | 21.8 | 42.7 | 100 |
| Other occupations | 0.9 | 0.5 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 12.5 | 3.9 | 79.1 | 100 |
| Source: Statistik Austria. | ||||||||
G Manufacturing of chemicals and chemical products
DH Manufacturing of rubber and plastic
DL Manufacturing of electrical and optical equipment
DM Manufacturing of transport equipment
GA Manufacturing of wholesale and retail
IA Transport, storage and communication
This problem of uncertainty of bandwidth can be seen, when the crossing of occupation and sector is compared over a number of years (table 1.3). Because of this margin of uncertainty, it is very hard to detect trends. The figures fluctuate over the years, but this due; for a large part to this margin of uncertainty.
| Table 1.3. Occupations by sector, 2001, 1998 and 1994 | ||||||||
| Occupation | Proportion of selected occupation working in selected sector | |||||||
| DG | DH | DL | DM | GA | IA | Other | Total | |
| Production and operations department managers <122>: 2001 | 2.6 | 0.9 | 3.6 | 1.3 | 17.1 | 7.1 | 67.4 | 100 |
| 1998 | 1.7 | 0.5 | 4.1 | 1.3 | 17.2 | 3.1 | 72.0 | 100 |
| 1994 | 2.4 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 0.3 | 17.5 | 3.9 | 73.5 | 100 |
| Other department managers <123>:2001 | 3.6 | 0.9 | 2.9 | 1.6 | 27.4 | 8.6 | 55.0 | 100 |
| 1998 | 5.2 | 0.7 | 8.2 | 1.9 | 30.4 | 3.9 | 49.6 | 100 |
| 1994 | 3.9 | 1.1 | 6.3 | 0.8 | 26.6 | 2.9 | 58.4 | 100 |
| General managers <131>:2001 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 35.4 | 5.1 | 58.3 | 100 |
| 1998 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 34.5 | 4.1 | 59.3 | 100 |
| 1994 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 29.1 | 5.3 | 73.7 | 100 |
| Finance and sales professionals <341>: 2001 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 49.9 | 1.5 | 44.4 | 100 |
| 1998 | 2.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 55.6 | 1.0 | 39.6 | 100 |
| 1994 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 58.1 | 0.9 | 36.6 | 100 |
| Business services and trade brokers<342>: 2001 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 16.8 | 3.1 | 79.8 | 100 |
| 1998 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 10.5 | 4.3 | 82.7 | 100 |
| 1994 | 2.0 | 0.4 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 16.0 | 0.9 | 79.5 | 100 |
| Material recording and transport clerks <413>:2001 | 1.1 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 3.4 | 25.7 | 47.2 | 20.6 | 100 |
| 1998 | 1.8 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 1.6 | 23.4 | 41.7 | 28.0 | 100 |
| 1994 | 1.3 | 1.1 | 2.3 | 3.0 | 17.4 | 48.0 | 27.0 | 100 |
| Motor-vehicle drivers <832> : 2001 | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 10.3 | 60.9 | 28.0 | 100 |
| 1998 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 12.3 | 53.0 | 32.8 | 100 |
| 1994 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 13.0 | 52.8 | 33.0 | 100 |
| Agricultural and other mobile plant operators <833>:2001 | 0.3 | 1.6 | 0.8 | 3.3 | 6.8 | 14.9 | 62.3 | 100 |
| 1998 | 0.4 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 1.7 | 4.4 | 15.7 | 76.4 | 100 |
| 1994 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 1.9 | 4.5 | 11.9 | 80.6 | 100 |
| Messengers, porters and deliverers<915>: 2001 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3.6 | 16.3 | 79.1 | 100 |
| 1998 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 5.0 | 6.1 | 87.8 | 100 |
| 1994 | 2.2 | 0 | 0.7 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 5.1 | 88.7 | 100 |
| Manufacturing labourers <932>:2001 | 5.1 | 3.1 | 1.7 | 0.9 | 8.4 | 1.0 | 79.9 | 100 |
| 1998 | 2.0 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 18.9 | 1.3 | 71.3 | 100 |
| 1994 | 2.6 | 1.9 | 2.8 | 0.8 | 15.3 | 2.5 | 74.1 | 100 |
| Transport labourers and freight handlers <933>: 2001 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 35.2 | 16.2 | 42.8 | 100 |
| 1998 | 2.3 | 1.1 | 3.9 | 1.2 | 48.0 | 10.5 | 32.9 | 100 |
| 1994 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 38.6 | 19.5 | 33.2 | 100 |
| All selected occupations: 2001 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 28.4 | 10.6 | 56.4 | 100 |
| 1998 | 1.4 | 0.7 | 2.2 | 1.0 | 29.1 | 8.9 | 56.7 | 100 |
| 1994 | 1.4 | 0.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 22.8 | 19.5 | 53.3 | 100 |
| Other occupations: 2001 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 12.8 | 5.7 | 76.9 | 100 |
| 1998 | 1.1 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 1.2 | 15.5 | 6.6 | 72.6 | 100 |
| 1994 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 2.5 | 1.1 | 15.1 | 6.7 | 72.6 | 100 |
| Source: Statistik Austria. | ||||||||
G Manufacturing of chemicals and chemical products
DH Manufacturing of rubber and plastic
DL Manufacturing of electrical and optical equipment
DM Manufacturing of transport equipment
GA Manufacturing of wholesale and retail
IA Transport, storage and communication
The problem of margin of uncertainty is due to the fact that the LFS is only a sample of the populations' activity. The census however, on a wider scale, has a lower level of margin of uncertainty in its results. Once every ten years, the central statistical office (Statistik Austria) carries out a large scale census among the population. The two last census took place in 1991 and 2001, however the results for 2001 are not yet entirely available.
In this census of 1991, 177 professions were distinguished, a number of professions in the area of transport and logistics and the corresponding figures are presented in table 1.4.
| Table 1.4. Numbers of workers in a selected number of professions, census 1991 | ||
| Profession | Number of workers | Proportion of total employment |
| Traffic supervisors | 12246 | 0.3% |
| Forwarding agents | 14115 | 0.4% |
| Storekeepers, warehouse supervisors | 9541 | 0.3% |
| Transport conductors | 3989 | 0.1% |
| Rail vehicle drivers | 8821 | 0.2% |
| Motor vehicle drivers, hauliers | 105863 | 2.9% |
| Transport service auxiliary occupations | 20219 | 0.5% |
| Packers, sorters | 28181 | 0.3% |
| Stock clerks | 12600 | 0.3% |
| Freight handlers, warehouse workers | 59491 | 1.6% |
| Crane, earth moving & related plant operators | 18450 | 0.5% |
| All professions | 3684262 | 100% |
The 1991 census data can be crossed with other criteria, such as sector. However there is a charge for such statistical treatment.
4.1 The Public Employment Service
The Austrian Public Employment Office (Arbeitsmarktservice Oesterreich, AMS), http://www.ams.or.at/neu/, pays great attention to the criterion of profession. Unemployment figures can also be linked to profession. As a result, over 3000 professions are classified.
As an indication of the detail of this classification system, the amount of identified professions within certain groups of professions are presented in table 1.5.
| Table 1.5. Number of identified professions within groups of occupations | ||
| Group of occupations | Number of professions distinguished | Type of professions |
| Land transport | 44 | Various types of drivers, planners, supporting staff. No warehouse types of jobs |
| Water transport | 14 | Captain, other types of officers, sailor, Ship-mechanic, port-authority. No warehouse |
| Air transport | 18 | Types of cabin crew, types of jobs at airport (planner, commercial, technical, hostess, etc.). No warehouse |
| Forwarding and travel agency | 21 | Types of forwarding agents, customs workers, and professions for travel agencies and travel companies. No warehouse |
| Other transport | 10 | Very mixed: drivers mate, Professions in removal, distributor of food, and others |
| Professions related to warehouse | At least 50 | Very disaggregated according to task (pack, sort, check, labeling, etc.), level and type of goods |
For all of these professions at disaggregate level, various types of figures can in principle be generated. For the above mentioned professions annual averages for 1998-2001 have been obtained.
To give an example, the figures for various warehouse related professions are given in table 1.6.
| Table 1.6. Unemployed persons (yearly averages) by last profession (warehouse types of jobs) | ||||||
| German term | English term | 1998 | 1999 | 2000 | 2001 | |
| 390101 | Abfuller/in | Box filler | 109 | 100 | 81 | 68 |
| 390105 | Etikettierer/in | Label sticker | 19 | 14 | 13 | 14 |
| 390107 | Packer/in | Packer | 128 | 122 | 98 | 95 |
| 390108 | Sortierer/in | Sorter | 172 | 156 | 126 | 142 |
| 390111 | Verpacker/in | Packer | 731 | 700 | 622 | 685 |
| 390114 | Waresortierder/in | Sorter of goods | 272 | 324 | 354 | 169 |
| 390120 | Kontroller/in | Controler | 142 | 122 | 101 | 90 |
| 390121 | Obstsortierder/in | Fruit sorter | 17 | 16 | 13 | 12 |
| 390123 | Prüfer/in | Inspector | 51 | 50 | 41 | 39 |
| 390126 | Werkstättenhelfer/in | Assistant in the garage | 657 | 561 | 522 | 508 |
| 390199 | Sontige Warensortierer, -nachseher, -adjuster, -verpacker (m./w.) | Other warehouse profession (sorters, checkers, packers etc) | 23 | 11 | 14 | 13 |
| 395101 | Archivarbeiter | Registry worker | 29 | 23 | 22 | 20 |
| 395102 | Expeditarbeiter | Expedition worker | 163 | 147 | 130 | 148 |
| 395103 | Handelsarbeiter | Commercial worker | 1,656 | 1,432 | 1,199 | 1,141 |
| 395104 | Hofarbeiter/in (Magazin-/ Lagerarbeiter/innen und Verladung) | Warehouse worker (warehousing and embarking) | 21 | 17 | 13 | 11 |
| 395106 | Kuhlhausarbeiter/in | Cold store worker | 16 | 14 | 12 | 10 |
| 395107 | Lagerarbeiter/in | Warehouse worker | 4,958 | 4,610 | 4,148 | 4,567 |
| 395108 | Lagerplatzarbeiter/in | Warehouse worker | 56 | 46 | 42 | 36 |
| 395109 | Magazinarbeiter/in | Warehouse worker | 163 | 127 | 101 | 85 |
| 395110 | Platzarbeiter/in | Garage worker | 72 | 65 | 51 | 56 |
| 395111 | Regalbetreuer/in | Caretaker of rack | 391 | 367 | 342 | 403 |
| 395112 | Verladearbeiter/in | Embarker | 59 | 54 | 55 | 49 |
| 395113 | Versandarbeiter/in | Send worker | 307 | 267 | 218 | 207 |
| 395114 | Zeitungsexpeditarbeiter/in | Daily journal expedition worker | 36 | 39 | 30 | 21 |
| 395115 | Kohlentrager/in | Coal carrier | 23 | 16 | 12 | 12 |
| 395119 | Warenzusteller/in | Sender of goods | 91 | 107 | 106 | 146 |
| 395120 | Warenubernehmer/in | Supplier | 58 | 57 | 43 | 48 |
| 395122 | Markthelfer/in | Stallholder | 20 | 23 | 20 | 23 |
| 395123 | Kommissionierer/in | Commissioner | 249 | 243 | 204 | 221 |
| 395126 | Lagerleiter/in (Arbeiter/innen Magazin/ Lager/ Verladung) | Warehouse manager | 103 | 114 | 103 | 116 |
| 395127 | Versandleiter | Manager of sending | 21 | 26 | 24 | 21 |
| 395128 | Posthilfsbedienstele/r | Post worker | 18 | 30 | 44 | 68 |
| 395199 | Sontige Magazin-, Lagerarbeiter-, Verlader-, Warenzusteller (m./w.) | Other warehouse professions (higher level) | 39 | 32 | 27 | 23 |
N.B. the data are selected on base on number of occurrence. There must be at least 10 unemployed persons of a job in 2001 to be taken up in the table. The other professions, less than 10, are included with the title other warehouse professions.
The AMS also has a careers advisory role, giving advice and information about the choice of education and profession. The AMS therefore has a number of job descriptions at various levels, for example for professions within the dual system. Linked to the latter, they have also data about the number of persons registered at the AMS that are seeking apprenticeship professions. The numbers available are presented in table 1.7. Because there is a close link between logistics and Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), a specific commercial apprenticeship profession in this area is also included. The numbers show that these types of professions in logistics play a very small role in the total number of apprenticeship professions.
| Table 1.7. Number of persons seeking for an apprenticeship profession, June 2002 | |
| Apprenticeship profession | Persons seeking a place for this apprenticeship profession |
| Forwarding agent (Speditionskaufmann) | 7 |
| Warehouse worker (Fachmann fuer Lagerlogistik) | N.A. (number is low anyhow) |
| EDI-commercial worker (EDV-Kaufmann) | 7 |
| Total (all professions) | 2822 |
4.2 Chambers of Commerce
Because the social partners play an important role in the apprenticeship system, the chambers of commerce (Wirtschaftskammer Oesterreich) have data about the number of apprentices in the various professions. However, they only have "open" information about the most important professions. Detailed statistical information about the number of apprentices in the various professions is only available for members. However, the types of professions relevant to logistics can be found in table 1.7.
The principle of using occupational classification of labour market data is well established in both the central statistical office and the public employment service. In the labour force survey, data is available at ISCO-3 digit level which can also be crossed by sector. However, in this case, the cells become very small and the margins of uncertainty become large.
Logistic activities are often included in the new social agreement for the forwarding sector. Logistic activities do not exclusively fall under this agreement, however. In this agreement there are no worked out job profiles, though warehouse workers are mentioned as such. The Public Employment Service in Austria has a database on the Internet with descriptions of jobs in logistics. This is categorized according to educational levels. Another source, at least for training profiles in the dual system is the department of Economy and work (Bundesministerium fur Wirtshaft und Arbeit, http://www.bmaa.gv.at/). For a number of relevant professions in the dual system, they have a description of the job and the curriculum.
We have found out that a lot of jobs in logistics fall under the social agreement for the "forwarding sector". This social agreement exists since 2002. The employers organization negotiating this agreement is called the "Fachverband der Spediteure in der Wirtshaftskammer Osterreich" An interesting fact is that recently the forwarding sector of the economic chamber in Austria has changed its name to "Spedition & Logistik", forwarding and logistics. No specific logistic descriptions have been described in this agreement, but rather the levels of responsibility and the rights that come with that responsibility as was negotiated in the creation of this treaty. A lot of functions in logistics get their social agreement in this sector. We do have to mention that they have left the possibility open for workers to get into the social agreement of their own particular sector. Warehouse workers, however are mentioned specifically in this social agreement and are considered to be a definite part of it.
Contact with the "Wirtshaftskammer Osterreich" has led to the answer that logistics is a big part of the forwarding business, but not exclusively so. The change in name of the department to "forwarding and Logistics" represents the importance, not any type of binding exclusiveness.
3.1 Public Employment Service Austria
The AMS (Arbeitsmarktservice Österreich) has created an Internet database with a lexicon for all possible professions (AMS-Berufslexikon, http://www.ams.or.at/neu/index.htm). In this database young people can search for professions by sector or via an alphabetical listing. The aim of the database is to help young people choose an education by providing them with all necessary information on professions and functions.
The database contains information on: general tasks, demands of the job, career-possibilities, training requirements and training-institutes.
The database is divided into sectors and levels of training; it is also possible to search the database by an alphabetical list of all professions.
The database is continuously updated. A more detailed picture of the structure of these job descriptions is given in three examples in annex 1, annex 2 and annex 3.
In Austria children begin their education at the age of six and are obliged to stay in school till they are sixteen. After finishing compulsory education pupils can either enter into a dual system of vocational school (Berufsschule) and a training company or they can further their development in school.
The Austrian school system is set up in such a way that it is possible for all pupils to reach the highest level of education. The graduates from intermediate and higher vocational education can proceed to higher education. For people without a vocational education degree it is possible to gain access to higher education by passing an entrance exam. To be eligible for this entrance exam it is necessary the applicant has qualified for the apprenticeship exam (Berufsreifeprüfung) and has gathered knowledge through work-experience involved in the apprenticeship.
As well as first degree and doctorate courses, universities offer special programs that do not lead to a diploma or doctorate qualification. These are specialized courses that lead to titles such as: Master of Business Administration (MBA) or Master of Advanced Studies (MAS).
This educational system is the basis for the structure of the database the AMS has created (section 3). However, some profiles can be more directly found in the education system itself.
From this the most "official" titles are "Kommisionierer" and "Lagerleiter". For these jobs there are official profiles. The official profile for "Kommissionierer" is in practice more broad and includes some parts of the other jobs.
An elaborate system of job classification and dedcriptions is available by the Public Employment Service. However, other sources are rather poor. The most relevant Social agreement, on forwarding (including a lot of logistic activities), does not contain any job descriptions. Within the dual system some very elaborate job descriptions can be found. An interesting example is the profile that is currently being developed of the function logistics assistant. These are available through the site of the department of economy and work since the have been defined notionally. We have to mention however, that companies can still use their own descriptions. The company Kühne & Nagel that we visited is a good example.