new competencies and
innovations in logistics

Logistics is not as yet treated in terms of national employment statistics as a discrete economic activity. Hence it is difficult to determine precisely the numbers of people working in what has come to be known throughout the Irish economy as logistics activities. Companies that provide logistics services are included under a number of different categories within the broad transport and communications sector. In addition to this logistics activities occur across all manufacturing sectors.

The official statistics on employment in Ireland are collected by the Central Statistics Office on a quarterly basis (http://www.cso.ie). The survey used by the CSO to collect the data conforms in every respect to the labour force surveys employed in other European countries (with the exception of occupation classification). The occupation classification used in Ireland is called the Standard Occupation Classification - SOC. This classification is based on the British classification of occupations, although it contains some minor modifications e.g. coal miners. However there is a direct correspondence between the SOC occupational codes and the ISCO codes.

The first survey to compile a comprehensive set of employment data on logistics has been recently completed by FÁS (Foras Aiseanna Saothair - Irish Training and Employment Authority).This has been successful in determining the overall numbers employed in third party logistics companies as well as estimating the numbers employed in manufacturing.

Much of this employment data has had to be compiled under the broad occupation categories that are used by the Central Statistics Office. These occupation categories in many instances no longer reflect the nature of jobs that have emerged in the relatively new fields of logistics and supply chain management. While we now have reliable figures for the overall numbers employed, work needs to be done to develop agreed job titles and definitions at an official level.

2.1 Background to the study
The main source of statistical information on jobs in logistics in Ireland is from the FÁS study of "The Human Resource Requirements of the Logistics Industry in Ireland" published in July 2002. This study includes an extensive survey of the third party logistics providers sector and key manufacturing sectors. It also uses the CSO's (Central Statistics Office) statistics on logistics occupations that are produced on a quarterly basis.

The logistics industry is becoming an important business activity in Ireland and there was very little information available on the training needs of employees in this sector. The FAS research therefore was undertaken due to the growing importance of logistics in the Irish economy. The findings will contribute to the development of future policies for company based training, as well as training and education initiatives for people employed in logistics occupations and job seekers.

2.2 Scope of the study
The study is one of many sectorial studies that FÁS has commissioned into training and employment issues in a range of different sectors of industry. The sectorial studies profile the sector, types of companies, range of business activities, numbers employed, new business trends and developments, the training needs of employees and training provision. The sectorial reports usually contain recommendations, usually for improved training and education arrangements. However they may also cover issues such as how to attract young people into employment in the particular sector. In fact this latter point is one of the recommendations contained in the FÁS Human Resource Requirements in Logistics report.

For the purpose of the study, the term "logistics" is defined as the "process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services and related information from point of origin to point of consumption for the purpose of customer requirements".

The scope of the study, in terms of supply and demand for training and education, is limited to those firms which provide a third party integrated logistics service, and to the most important manufacturing sectors in the Irish economy. (Note: as the third party integrated logistics sector does not include companies providing a single service only, haulage businesses were therefore excluded).
The most important manufacturing sectors identified were:

• Electronics and Engineering
• Food and Drink
• Pharmaceutical/Medical/Optical/Chemical

2.3 Background to the key providers of logistics related training and education - covered in the study
The National Institute for Transport and Logistics (NITL) is a state supported body charged with improving the capabilities of Irish companies in the area of Supply Chain Management and Logistics. FÁS as a state funded body works closely with the NITL on common projects. NITL assisted FÁS in providing advice and expertise in carrying out the study on Human Resource Requirements of the Logistics Industry in Ireland and in compiling the booklet on careers in Logistics. The NITL provides a range of training and support services to companies at a number of levels, including strategic planning workshops, short courses to address specific knowledge or skill gaps, senior management development and graduate development programmes.

There are five professional institutes who provide substantial support and training to this sector. These institutes act as training providers and accrediting bodies. The five institutes are: the Irish Production and Inventory Control Society, the Irish Institute of Purchasing and Materials Management, the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport, the Irish Exporters Association and the Irish International Freight Association. In many instances the courses accredited by these bodies are delivered by education institutes.

The main objective of the Irish Production and Inventory Control Society (IPICS) is to promote the professionalism of manufacturing industry personnel in Ireland. IPICS is associated with its American equivalent, the American Production and Inventory Control Society (APICS). IPICS runs a series of courses ranging from foundation level to diploma level.
Courses include Fundamentals of Materials and Operations Management, Basics of Supply Chain Management and the Diploma in European Industrial Management.

The Irish Institute of Purchasing and Materials Management is the professional body for those involved in purchasing and materials management in Ireland. The institute offers courses at certificate and diploma level in the fields of purchasing and materials management.

The Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport is the professional body for those engaged in logistics and all modes of transport. Its education and training courses include the following: Diploma in Transport Management, Certificate in Logistics, Diploma in Logistics Management, Specialised Training Programmes, Certificate of Professional Competence. The institute is also the Examining Body for the Dangerous Goods Safety Advisor examinations - both road and rail.

The Irish International Freight Association is a member of FIATA, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations. The IIFA supports and recognises the jointly accredited IATA/FIATA Freight Forwarding traineeship programme run by FÁS. The Institute also runs specialist training workshops for the freight forwarding sector.

The Irish Exporters Association is a representative body for Irish exporters. The Association has established the Institute of International Trade of Ireland, which offers a diploma in international trade.

The Statutory Education and Training System.
The main education and training providers within the state system are:

• Institutes of Technology
• Universities
• Post Leaving Certificate (PLC) courses i.e. after secondary level education
• FÁS

There are 13 Institutes of Technology in the country which between them provide 25 dedicated logistics related courses. These are full time, part-time and evening courses. Examples of full-time courses include degree courses in Transport & Technology, Industrial Purchasing Mgt and Transport Management. In terms of part time evening courses within the Institutes of Technology, the main provision is of courses accredited by the professional bodies as listed above.

The Computer Integrated Manufacturing Production Centre in the Carlow Institute of Technology provides assistance to manufacturing companies in the following areas: manufacturing engineering, business process re-engineering, information technology and production and inventory management. The centre provides training and consultancy services to industry.

Dedicated provision by the universities is mainly at post - graduate level and focuses largely on supply chain management.

Post Leaving Certificate courses are principally aimed at people who have completed senior cycle education. Their objective is to provide and equip young people with the vocational and technical skills necessary for employment and/or progression to further education and training. Courses include Purchasing and Materials Management, Transport and Warehouse Management, and International Trade and Marketing.

FÁS, through eleven of its national network of training centres, provides 33 dedicated vocational training courses in transport and logistics related subjects. There are sixteen courses offered on a full-time basis for unemployed persons and seventeen courses are offered part-time. Full-time courses include Heavy Goods Vehicle Driving, Freight Forwarding, Stores and Warehousing. Part-time courses include Heavy Goods Vehicle Driving, Fork Lift Driving, Production and Inventory Management.

FÁS provides financial support for relevant training programmes for employees and managers within companies. Through this scheme funding has been made available for programmes for owner/managers of transport small and medium sized enterprises in topics such as logistics applications, financial control, sales and marketing, legislation and information technology

2.4 Methodology employed in the study
The main elements of the research methodology comprised a combination of postal and telephone quantitative surveys and in depth qualitative interviews with companies. In addition a postal questionnaire was sent to relevant faculties in third level educational institutes, to assess the level of provision of third level education for the logistics industry. Detailed telephone interviews were conducted with officials in FÁS and the Department of Education to assess the level of post secondary vocational education and training courses in logistics. A special education workshop was conducted to elicit the views of third level teachers of logistics programmes on future education provision.

The surveys and interviews were complemented by discussions with industry representatives, experts in the field and focus group meetings, as well as extensive literature and data reviews. The industry survey questionnaires were designed to give a picture of current and future logistics activities, the extent of in-house and contracted activity, the employment levels in different logistics occupations and the training needs for current employees as well as future skills needs.

2.5 Key conclusions of the study
The report identified the following key conclusions:

• The need for "up skilling" of existing employees in areas such as transport management, forklift driving, computer applications, health and safety, customer relations
• The presence of inadequacies in some of the training and education curricula
• A multiplicity of training and education accreditation systems, militating against transparency of qualifications and career progression
• The requirement for multi skilling, particularly at management level within the supply chain
• A poor image of the industry in relation to attracting young people into employment

The report made a wide range of recommendations for action by education bodies and by FÁS - mostly in relation to developing/adapting training and education programmes. For instance one of these calls for FÁS to run a new logistics programme in conjunction with industry, for job seekers. One key recommendation is for FÁS to establish a committee representing the various interested parties with the aim of overseeing the implementation of the many recommendations. Decisions have already been made with regard to the FÁS run logistics programme and the committee has been established.

2.6 Labour market statistics identified in the study
Fifteen specific logistics occupations have been identified in the study. Eleven of these occupations have been defined by the CSO using the SOC 90 occupational nomenclature. They are therefore traditional definitions that do not reflect the many and substantive changes which have occurred in these occupations as a result of the introduction of new technology and supply chain management systems.

Estimations have been made in relation to four occupations not identified in the CSO statistics; namely: supply chain managers, logistics planners and assistants, and freight forwarding managers. These estimations are based on the relationship between the numbers employed in these occupations and the relevant occupations for which national data is available e.g. warehouse manager etc. The employment figures presented in the FÁS study relate to 1999.

Total employment in transport and logistics by occupation - 1999
Transport managers	3 600
Heavy goods vehicle drivers	36 700
Warehouse managers	1 800
Stock/inventory controllers	5 700
Warehouse operatives	18 600
Forklift drivers	4 000
Purchasing managers	900
Purchasing officers/buyers	3 600
Freight forwarding managers	860
Freight forwarding specialists	862
Other Forwarding clerks	1 700
Importers and Exporters	400
Supply chain managers	2 832
Logistics planners	4 208
Logistics assistants	704
TOTAL	86 466

The total number of employees working in these occupations throughout the economy was 86,466. This represents approximately 5.3% of the total number of people employed in the Irish economy.

The following figures using CSO data have been estimated for 2002, based on the average of the first three quarters of that year.

Total employment in transport and logistics by occupation - 2002
Transport managers	4 400
Heavy goods vehicle drivers	41 .00
Warehouse managers	3 700
Stock/inventory controllers	3 000
Warehouse operatives	18 800
Forklift drivers	6 000
Purchasing managers	1 300
Purchasing officers/buyers	2 700
Freight forwarding managers	770
Freight forwarding specialists	770
Other Forwarding clerks	1 520
Importers and Exporters	900
Supply chain managers	2 530
Logistics planners	3 760
Logistics assistants	740
TOTAL	92 190

The increase in the numbers employed in logistics activities since 1999 is proportionate to the increase in the total number of people in the economy as a whole i.e. the figure is approximately 5.3%.

Of the 86,466 people working in logistics occupations in 1999, the study shows that 15,647 were employed by third party logistics companies and 16,380 were employed in logistics related occupations in the key manufacturing sectors that were surveyed. It has however not been possible to compile employment figures by occupation at the level of each manufacturing sector.

3.1 Third party logistics sector
The third party logistics sector, with 15,647 employees, is now a significant employer in the Irish economy. The sector exhibits a similar employment structure to other industries in Ireland in particular in relation to company size. Almost three-quarters of employment was in companies employing 50 people or less and mean company size was 62 employees. One fifth of companies employed between 51 and 200 staff and only 7% employed more than 200 people.

Of the 15,647 people employed in the third party sector in 1999, 13,313 (87%) were employed in logistics related occupations. One in three of these were employed directly in transport related activities, while a further one in four were employed in warehouse related activities. In effect 56% were employed directly in either warehousing or transport activities and 6% of these were employed in a managerial or supervisory capacity. 20% of workers were employed in unskilled or semi-skilled operative tasks, and a further 29% were engaged in driving trucks or commercial vans. With regard to those employees working in non-logistics occupations, the predominant occupations were shop workers (1483) and stevedores (255).

3.2 Logistics employment in the key manufacturing sectors
3.2.1 - Warehousing and transport sectors
Of the 16 380 people employed in logistics-related occupations in the key manufacturing sectors, over one third are working in warehousing/distribution. Employment in logistics/SCM occupations is next highest level at 18%. Employment in transport accounts for 16% of total employment and freight forwarding accounts for 3%. Support services account for 18% of employment and the largest component here is comprised of quality control personnel. Over one half of those employed in the most numerically significant occupational group; warehousing/distribution, are employed as warehouse operatives and nearly one quarter are employed as forklift drivers. Combined, these workers account for 28% of total logistics-related employment in the key manufacturing sectors.

3.2.2 - Manufacturing sectors
Manufacturing companies were found to spend an estimated 8.5% of turnover on transport and logistics services, with a ratio of 6:4 between transport and logistics. Six out of ten manufacturing companies that engage in Supply Chain Management/logistics retain all SCM/logistics activities in house. The Food and Drink sector has the highest rate of contracting out of all or part of its SCM/logistics requirements.

Within the logistics industry there is a wide variation in the use of job titles for similar occupations leading to difficulties in obtaining precise statistics. Indeed the occupational categories in use often no longer reflect the new occupations in to be found in logistics and supply chain management.

A number of occupation profiles for some logistics occupations were published in 2000 by FÁS in a Careers Booklet "Careers in Logistics" with the assistance of the NITL (National Institute for Transport and Logistics). These profiles were produced as a guide to school leavers and other job seekers to encourage them to pursue careers in the logistics field. It would be important in the future to develop an agreed set of titles and definitions for the main logistics occupations. Ultimately it would be desirable that employment statistical data is gathered around these agreed emerging logistics occupations.

FÁS normally updates its sectorial reports every 4 to 5 years; therefore an update in the Human Resource Requirements in the Logistics Industry in Ireland report could be expected in 2006/7. In addition FÁS intends to update the statistical employment data included in this report on a two yearly basis.

Many of the wide range of jobs in logistics related activities are not officially defined at national or sectorial level. There is a very great diversity in usage by companies of job titles and job definitions in respect to logistics occupations. A particular example of this is the job of Buyer/Planner, which is quite prevalent in multinational companies. In many indigenous companies however the production and purchasing functions are split. Examples of job definitions used in a number of companies in different sectors of industry are given in this report.

The occupation classification used in collecting national employment data is the Standard Occupation Classification - SOC 1990. The SOC provides a source of limited job definitions that are included in section 6.

Job definitions have not been found for social purposes as logistics related jobs are not officially defined at a sectorial level.

3.1 Nature of the careers booklet
In 2000 FÁS, (Foras Aiseanna Saothair - Irish Training and Employment Authority) published a Careers Booklet and Video on Logistics that provided profiles on 11 occupations. This booklet entitled "Careers in Logistics" was produced as a one off publication.. The objective of the booklet was to give young people some guidance in relation to possible career options in the logistics field. The key jobs were explained in easy non technical terms as the young school leavers could not be expected to have background knowledge of logistics. Therefore the profiles were not intended to be definitive descriptions of the selected occupations, but rather an indication of the kind of work one might expect to do in logistics related jobs. They also provide some key information on the type of skills required by the jobholder as well as possible career paths.

The profiles were produced in association with the NITL (National Institute for Transport and Logistics). A logistics consultant from NITL wrote the text based on his own knowledge and personal experience together with other existing careers material that was available in Ireland. Editing and publication of the booklet was carried out by FÁS.

The job profiles covered in this study are the following:

• Customer Service Manager-Logistics
• Logistics Manager
• Transport Manager
• Stock Controller
• Materials Planner
• Production Planner
• Warehouse Manager
• Freight Forwarder
• Truck Driver
• Warehouse Operative
• Fork Lift Truck Driver

3.2 Careers booklet profiles

CUSTOMER SERVICE MANAGER - LOGISTICS

The Work Plans and directs activities of customer service teams to meet the demands of customers and support company operations. Develops procedures, establishes standards and administers activities to ensure accurate order entry, efficient shipment tracking, and timely delivery of products to customers. Also responsible for effective response to customer requests, problems and special needs. Works closely with marketing and sales, logistics and transport departments to reduce order cycle times and improve fill rates while controlling the cost of serving customers.

Related Positions
Order processing manager, sales manager, distribution/logistics manager.

Key Duties
Directs and controls receipt of orders and their release to the warehouse Establishes and monitors customer service performance standards Develops and maintains order management plans for key customers Manages promotional campaigns, return goods and service programmes Develops processes to identify customer problems and resolve them quickly.

Required Skills
Excellent interpersonal skills - persuasive, empathetic, able to handle conflict and pressure; product knowledge; problem solving skills; creative; sense of urgency; attention to detail; strong communication skills; ability to manage people.

Career Paths
Most customer service managers would have some experience of sales, logistics operations or customer service supervision. Successful customer service managers may advance to sales or logistics management positions.

LOGISTICS MANAGER

The Work
Oversees a variety of logistics functions that include warehouse and distribution operations, forecasting, planning, logistics systems, customer service, and purchasing. Manages logistics personnel. Directs daily operations. Co-ordinates third party relationships with logistics suppliers and other members of the supply chain.

Related Positions Production Manager, Sales Manager, Director of Logistics.

Key Duties
Directs personnel in performing day to day logistics operations
Oversees teams that analyse strategic and tactical processes and costs
Negotiates with suppliers, partners and customers
Manages order fulfilment process from order taking through to delivery
Ensures continuous process improvement and high quality services.

Required Skills
Leadership and teamwork skills; strong written and verbal skills; technical skills including computers, quality programs, and logistics problem solving; analytical/cost skills; negotiation skills.

Career Paths
Most logistics career paths eventually lead to a logistics manager position. Normally, it will take 5 - 7 years to become a mid-level logistics manager. 15+ years is realistic to reach the senior executive level in large companies.

STOCK CONTROLLER

The Work
Develops and implements plans to optimise stock cost and customer service objectives. Responsible for forecasting needs, analysing stock movement patterns, resolving accuracy discrepancies. Works with purchasing and logistics to establish optimal order quantities, stock targets and stock turn objectives.

Related Positions
Materials Planner, Production Planner, Purchasing Manager, Logistics Manager.

Key Duties
Manages stock quality and accuracy programme
Defines requirements for and develops, implements and/or monitors stock management system.
Coordinates physical stock and cycle counts
Develops handling and storage systems for efficient stock management
Monitors stock flow through the system
Develops stock location and order picking strategies to optimise workflow, space utilisation and productivity in the stock holding area.

Required Skills
Knowledge of stock models, forecasting methods and stock control procedures; database management and spreadsheet analysis skills; problem solving capabilities; understanding of logistics operations and stock flows; understand stock /accounting relationships; ability to prioritise needs.

Career Paths
Individuals can prepare for stock control and management positions as logistics operatives in a variety of positions. Successful stock controllers advance to various logistics management positions, purchasing management, customer service etc.

MATERIALS PLANNER

The Work
Plans what raw materials and/or components stock is required for manufacturing. Responsible for inbound stock levels. Co-ordinates with purchasing, manufacturing and suppliers to ensure reliable, cost efficient delivery of the raw materials/components to create a production plan. Can be responsible for receiving, warehousing, scheduling and inbound transportation.

Related Positions
Production planner, Purchasing Manager.

Key Duties
Forecasts needs based on historical data
Employs materials requirements planning (MRP)
Directs inbound raw materials and components
Manages inbound stock levels, turns and costs
Supplies manufacturing needs, often 'just in time' (JIT).

Required Skills
Trade off analysis between costs, measurement tools and manufacturing's needs; interpersonal skills; analytical forecasting tools; ability to use MRP and JIT planning; ability to manage detailed projects; computer skills.

Career paths
Entry level requires some experience at an operations level in logistics. Success may lead to positions as logistics manager or production/operations manager.

PRODUCTION PLANNER

The Work
Plans production in a manufacturing setting. Co-ordinates production scheduling, quality control, labour requirements, materials requirements and finished goods stock. Controls costs within the production department.

Related Positions
Production Manager, Materials Planner.

Key Duties
Schedules production resources - materials, people and equipment
Employs total quality management (TQM) strategies to improve product quality
Co-ordinates with materials department to schedule daily production
Forecasts future production needs, labour and raw materials
Plans and oversees preventive maintenance on plant machinery.

Required Skills
Ability to interact with people; scheduling and forecasting abilities; knowledge of statistical process control and other TQM techniques; self motivated; understanding of the role in the overall corporate goals.

Career Paths
Success as a production planner may lead to a production manager's or plant manager's position.

WAREHOUSE MANAGER

The Work
Directs the efficient and cost effective operation of commercial or industrial distribution centres or warehouse facilities. Manages inbound activities related to the receipt and storage of goods, and the control of stock. Oversees outbound activities related to order filling, stock replenishment and distribution. Responsible for budgeting, customer service, facility and equipment operations. Administers overall stock management, productivity, accuracy and stock security to ensure customer requirements are met.

Related Positions
Logistics Manager, Production Manager

Key Duties
Co-ordinates inbound and outbound activities
Implements safety, security, housekeeping and hygiene programmes
Responsible for accurate stock and warehouse productivity levels
Hires, supervises, schedules and trains warehouse staff
May manage documentation and flow of imported goods through a bonded warehouse.

Required Skills
Knowledge of materials handling, warehouse operations and transport systems required; knowledge of safety and health legislation and requirements, skills in communication, leadership, and management; computer proficiency and knowledge of warehouse automated systems.

Career Paths
Work as a distribution supervisor, production supervisor or logistics analyst can lead to this area. Success may lead to opportunities in Distribution, Operations or Logistics management.

WAREHOUSE OPERATIVE

The Work
Carrying out the work required for receiving, storing and despatching goods from a warehouse in a variety of businesses including manufacturing, retailing, public sector etc.

Related Positions
Warehouse Supervisor/Manager; Stock Controller; Order Processor.

Key Duties
Checking goods received against documentation
Putting goods into the correct location
Rotating the stock in the locations if they are date sensitive
Accurate picking of orders for despatch
Packing orders for despatch and checking for completeness
Periodic counting of stock, for comparison against what should be there.

Required Skills
Good numeracy and attention to detail; willingness to use computers; orderliness and tidiness; awareness of safety requirements; physical work; willingness to work indoors and outdoors.

Career Paths
Warehouse operatives can move to warehouse supervisory or management positions, or into stock control or order processing positions.

FORKLIFT TRUCK DRIVER

The Work
Using a highly manoeuvrable truck to move product on and off vehicles or production lines, and into storage in factories or building sites or other locations.

Related Positions
Warehouse Operatives/Supervisors/Managers; Production Supervisors/Managers; Truck Drivers.

Key Duties
Carrying out instructions regarding the movement of product
Ability and concern to ensure safety at all times
Ensuring the maintenance of the vehicle
It may include order picking.

Required Skills
Safety awareness; alertness to other people and vehicles; working indoors and outdoors; ability to assess height and balance; good physical co-ordination and reflexes; ability to get work done on your own, but also in co-operation with others.

Career Paths
Opportunity to move into warehouse supervisory/management positions, and to move into a variety of different sectors.

Irish national training programmes are broadly designed and are not limited to, or focused solely on individual jobs. However some of the company definitions presented later in this document are used for training purposes.

FÁS has developed a traineeship programme for job seekers in the logistics field. This programme includes training inputs by employers on an in-company basis. The following occupational profile expressed in learning outcome statements has been compiled:

Occupational profile - Supply Chain Logistics Administrator
Purpose. The Logistics Administrator role and function are to carry out activities connected to the planning and operation of effective and efficient supply chain services.

Typical roles include:
Core Skill tasks: The tasks are divided in the major activity groups as follows: buy, make, move, store and sell, and personal skills such as team-working, ICT skills, health and safety, quality assurance and customer relations. The scope of the occupation is reflected in the following learning outcome statements.

1. Supply Chain Management Environment
   • Describe the main constituent areas of logistics and supply chain management
   • Explain the role of logistics and supply chain management in relation to the overall business improvement process
   • Understand the fundamentals of SCM (objectives, philosophy, management of the flows and relationships)
   • Demonstrate good team working skills and appreciation of quality issues
   • Health and safety requirements.


2. Sell and Customer Relationship Management
   • Understand the role of Customer Service (CS) as a fundamental objective of SCM
   • Describe the interface with marketing and sales
   • Identify customer needs and priorities and tailoring service accordingly, redefining service objectives to customers' specific requirements
   • Identify key issues in CS, including
     • Order cycle time
     • Stock availability
     • Order size constraints
     • Ordering convenience
     • Frequency of delivery
     • Delivery reliability
     • Documentation quality
     • Claims procedure
     • Order completeness
     • Technical support
     • Order status information
   • Measuring CS, based on the headings above.


3. Buy - Purchasing and Procurement
   • Identify and describe the position of purchasing in the supply chain
   • Identify key strategic issues facing purchasing
   • Identify and describe key policy decisions in purchasing and their implications
   • Analyse key purchasing variables
   • Calculate total cost of ownership
   • Describe good purchasing practice, systems and organisations
   • Describe the key elements of good supplier selection and management.


4. Make - Production Planning and Control
   • Understand the role of production planning and control (PP&C) in the broader context of supply chain management
   • Outline the main constituent areas of PP&C (capacity management, production scheduling and inventory management) and their interactions
   • Appreciate the role of available tools and techniques in forecasting, scheduling, capacity management and inventory management
   • Describe the main elements of materials requirements planning (MRP), manufacturing resource planning (MRP11) and just-in-time (JIT).


5. Move - Transport and Distribution
   • Understand the strategic function of transport
   • Effectively manage the strategic role of transport at micro level
   • Understand the practical implications/benefits of effective management of the role of transport at both the micro and macro level
   • Examine the changing nature and scope of transport in effective management of the supply chain
   • Anticipate the future role of the transport function in supply chains.


6. Store - Storage and Warehousing
   • Understanding the basic principles of warehousing and inventory management
   • Describe the main elements of best practice in warehouse and stores design including health and safety issues
   • Describe the main elements of best practice in warehouse and stores operational management
   • Apply a range of analytical techniques to solve warehousing and inventory management problems.


7. ICT Skills
   • Operate PCs and Networks and operating systems
   • Use application software, data bases, spread sheets, word processing and presentation graphics
   • Use internet and e-mail for e-business


8. Integration and IT in logistics
   • Appreciate the role and importance if IT in logistics integration
   • Understand the basic configuration principles and know the choices of applications
   • Appreciate the capabilities of a range of both point and enterprise solutions aimed at improving logistics capability
   • Understand the use of technologies such as EDI and E-commerce and appreciate the importance of Web-based solutions.

5.1 Industry definitions
A number of Irish companies in a variety of sectors have been researched in relation to job definitions for logistics occupations. The replies reflect a very wide diversity in terms of job titles, definitions and the extent to which written documentation is available. The Novalog list of selected job titles was used as a model against which it was attempted to match definitions of jobs as practised in a number of companies in the food, pharmaceutical and distribution sectors. These companies carried out an extensive range of logistics activities in their business operations. In a number of instances where the "Novalog jobs" did not match exactly, a best fit was used and some jobs as described here are amalgamated in one person or split between many.

5.1.1 - Group 1: formulating & implementing logistical strategy

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGER
This position is usually found in large organisations, especially multi-nationals. Covers procurement right through to receipt and storage and then delivery of finished product to customer.
Can include production management but not always. Usually includes customer service.

Scope of responsibilities
Reporting into this position could be:-
Purchasing, Warehousing, Logistics and Transport, Materials management.

Responsibilities
Procurement

• Supplier sourcing and approval
• Supplier evaluation / assessment
• Supplier long term agreement / contract negotiations
• Ongoing monitoring of adherence to terms of contract
• Total cost evaluation by product
• Seeking overall least cost option in procurement
• Ongoing Supplier performance measurement (KPI)

Warehousing

• Warehouse management
• Control of stock movement into and out of warehouse
• Management of stock locations within warehouse
• Stock management / accuracy, cycle counting etc
• Order assembly / pick and place operations
• Managed inventory on clients behalf all of the above PLUS
• Official document control on behalf on Customs and Excise i.e. Incoming and outgoing
• Following stock control guidelines in line with official C & E procedures.

Logistics

• Forecasting of future demands
• Budget planning
• Directing personnel in day to day logistics operations
• Managing third party relationships
• Own Transport fleet and third party fleet management
• Ongoing daily / weekly cost and performance analysis (KPI)
• Order fulfilment from receipt to delivery
• Contract negotiations with third party suppliers
• Ongoing monitoring of adherence to terms of contract.

Materials Management
Stock management under the following headings

• Location management, ensuring stock located in correct picking location
• Picking location, ensuring kept in stock at all times
• Quantity management / stock accuracy
• Stock checks, weekly cycle counts and annual stock count.
• Stock movement tracking / recording
• Managing of stores operatives.

Production

• Production management of operations
• Budget planning
• Production planning to meet revenue and customer targets / demands
• Production forecasting
• Planning to ensure staff and equipment are in place to cope with plans.

Customer Service

• Managing customer relationships
• Customer order processing is professional
• Customer requirements are included in production requirements and delivery plans
• Customer complaints / concerns are handled in a professional manner
• Staff are trained to handle customer calls.

LOGISTICS MANAGER
Overseeing a variety of functions which include warehousing and distribution operations, logistics, planning in line with budget as issued by sales forecasting (market research), customer service. Monitors performance in line with budgets.

Scope of responsibilities
Reporting into this position could be:-
Warehouse supervisor, Logistics and Transport manager/ supervisor, Materials manager / Stock Controller / planner, Customer service personnel.

Responsibilities
Logistics

• Forecasting of future demands with reference to Sales forecasts
• Budget planning in line with forecasts
• Directing personnel in day to day logistics operations
• Managing third party relationships
• Own Transport fleet and third party fleet management
• Ongoing daily / weekly cost and performance analysis (KPI)
• Order fulfilment from receipt to delivery
• Contract negotiations with third party suppliers
• Ongoing monitoring of adherence to terms of contract.

Customer Service

• Managing customer relationships
• Customer order processing is professional
• Customer requirements are included in production requirements and delivery plans
• Customer complaints / concerns are handled in a professional manner
• Ensure staff are trained to handle customer calls.

Materials Management

• Stock management under the following headings
• Management of staff
• Location management, ensuring stock located in correct picking location
• Picking location, ensuring kept in stock at all times
• Quantity management / stock accuracy
• Stock checks, weekly cycle counts and annual stock count.
• Stock movement tracking / recording
• Managing of stores operatives.

Warehousing

• Management of warehouse staff
• Control of stock movement into and out of warehouse
• Management of stock locations within warehouse
• Stock management / accuracy, cycle counting etc
• Order assembly / pick and place operations
• Managed inventory on clients behalf i.e. third party activities.

All of the above PLUS
Official document control on behalf of Customs and Excise i.e. Incoming and outgoing Following stock control guidelines in line with official C & E procedures

LOGISTICS CONTROLLER
Assistant to the Logistics Manager. Supervises particular areas in the overall Logistics function. Areas to be managed: Transport i.e. fleet utilisation and third party management on a day to day basis. Incoming product movement and storage especially third party managed stock. Finished product management in transit, storage and distribution.

Responsibilities

• Cover the area of logistics incoming and outgoing
• Directing personnel in day to day logistics operations
• Own Transport fleet and third party fleet management
• Ongoing daily / weekly cost and performance analysis (KPI)
• Order fulfilment from receipt of order to shipment of order
• Ensuring Customer orders are grouped by delivery area
• Ensuring transport vehicles are loaded with the highest possible fill rate
• Ensuring incoming loads and outgoing loads planned to suit labour and capacity availability.

LOGISTICS ASSISTANT
Administrative support to Logistics manager. Working on day to day operations at production floor level, or office based. Processing of data on a day to day basis.

Responsibilities
Data processing i.e. incoming goods data processing

• Outgoing goods data processing
• Preparation of transport documents, i.e. transport manifests, customs clearance,
• Invoices
• Processing of Incoming transport documents i.e. customs, transport manifests, Invoices.

Collating the information on an ongoing daily / weekly basis monitoring cost and other performance criteria (KPI)

• Reporting receipts
• Reporting shipments
• Transport data collection i.e. costs, schedule performance
• On time delivery performance reporting
• Warehouse performance data
• Sales data collection
• Input data into spreadsheets / reports for presentation to senior management.

Customer Service

• Managing customer relationships
• Customer order processing is professional
• Customer requirements are included in production requirements and delivery plans
• Customer complaints / concerns are handled in a professional manner
• Trained to handle customer calls.

OPERATIONS PLANNER
Planning of the operation in line with forecast / orders received from all sources. Forecasts can be from Sales, Marketing, or a planning function. The planner here translates the plan into operational detail for each production line or site. The planner loads the transport vehicles and route plans in line with orders received.

Responsibilities

• Load each line / site to its capabilities in view of resource availability
• Plan loading in line with revenue targets
• Plan loading in line with customer requirements or commitments
• Planning incoming deliveries in line with capabilities
• Planning shipments in line with delivery schedule
• Revising delivery schedule in line with changing demands i.e increased customer demands, truck loading requirements.

OPERATIONS IT SPECIALIST
This is the senior person responsible for supervising the IT function. This covers both the hardware and software requirements. The scope covers computers and all plug in hardware and their software as well as scanning technology installation.

Responsibilities

• Hardware is suitable and sufficient so as to enable all staff carry out their job to the best of their ability
• The software is the most suitable for the job to be undertaken
• Software Updates are installed at appropriate times
• Cost of software support from outside sources is appropriate
• Proper screening is set up to protect IT system from virus corruption
• Networking of all hardware between sites and integration of software where possible and appropriate
• Ensuring cost effective running of the function
• Ensuring appropriate back-up and support services are in place at all times.

5.1.2 - Group 2: purchasing / materials management

MATERIALS MANAGER
Senior management position, in many cases reporting to the Chief Executive.

Key Activities

• Load each line / site to its capabilities in view of resource availability
• Anticipates materials requirements
• Sourcing and obtaining materials
• Introducing materials into the organisation
• Monitoring stock levels

Responsible for materials planning, purchasing, management of stocks and warehousing. In some instances transport and distribution may be a separate function.
In most cases the Materials manager will head up a multi-functional team, covering a range of logistics related occupations including inventory planners, purchasing staff, stores supervisors etc.

Key Skills

• Thorough knowledge of supply chain management/materials principles.
• Planning skills
• Communication skills
• General management skills
• Team leadership skills
• Problem solving skills

PURCHASING MANAGER

Responsibilities

• Establishing long term supply agreements with suppliers, covering such areas as volume discounts, price structures, delivery terms, performance parameters, review periods.
• Agreeing appropriate terms and conditions for the company so as to enable it to trade profitably
• Source new suppliers
• Monitor supplier performance, set up appropriate KPI's
• Monitor sales and compare with agreements ensuring adherence to agreed terms etc
• Should market conditions change re-negotiate agreement to suit company's long term business strategy
• Installing and maintaining procedures so as ensuring smooth operating of purchasing function

STOCK / INVENTORY CONTROLLER
Ensuring sufficient stock is available to meet demands but is not excessive. Optimising stock level from an operational and financial point of view.
Stock levels to be set so as to be able to cope with demands during re-supply time lapse.
Safety of stock has to be ensured. Control of incoming and outgoing stock.

Responsibilities
Stock management under the following headings:

• Management of staff if required
• Location management, ensuring stock located in correct picking location
• Picking location, ensuring that it is kept in stock at all times
• Quantity management / stock accuracy within warehouse / stock storage area
• Stock checks, weekly cycle counts and annual stock count
• Stock movement tracking / recording
• Kit preparation prior to release to production floor is controlled and managed
• Ensuring security of stock is properly managed
• Preparation of reports covering KPI requirements
• Stock accuracy from counting exercises
• Stock movements into and out of department
• Weekly stock level reports
• Stock analysis on an ongoing basis
• Slow moving stocks
• Obsolete stock list and formulate its disposal plan
• Seasonal items, ensuring areas are set aside for picking
• Using stock data to plan warehouse layout, setting up storage locations.

PURCHASING OFFICER
Reporting to the Purchasing Manager

Responsibilities Stock management under the following headings:

• Negotiate terms and conditions with suppliers
• Monitor supplier performance and take action appropriate to the outcome
• Collect data and maintain a file of supplier KPI
• Ensure all sites are up to date with supplier information
• Ensure all sites are informed of any changes in product availability from the supplier
• Monitor deliveries and ensure terms as agreed are enforced.

PURCHASING CLERK

Key Responsibilities

• Dealing with accounts
• Processing purchase orders and payments
• Liaising with both suppliers and customers
• Preparing/processing documentation for placing purchase order
• Sales order processing and support
• General administration work, including filing and typing.

Key Responsibilities

• Administration competencies
• Computer literacy
• Team player
• Good interpersonal skills.

5.1.3 - Group 3: Production planning and control

PRODUCTION PLANNER & CONTROLLER
Planning production schedules in line with defined parameters. The constraints can come from 1) customer orders 2) capacity constraints due to machinery, personnel, speed of process itself, etc, 3) revenue targets 4) order mix i.e. size and type of components ordered by customers 5) shelf life of product 5) production output targets.

Responsibilities

• Ensure production meets customer demands as promised
• Ensure most economic production used
• Ensure revenue / output targets are met
• Plan ahead in line with market / sales forecasts
• Ensure production plans are realistic and agreed with production dept personnel
• Monitor production KPI's and plan accordingly.

5.1.4 - Group 4: Warehousing

WAREHOUSE MANAGER
Managing the warehouse activities. These include stock control, order processing, and associated administration activities. Ensuring the warehouse activities are co-ordinated in an organised fashion.

Responsibilities

• Order handling from receipt to order fulfilment
  Ensuring staff activities are geared towards maximising order fulfilment, i.e. stock controller, order processing, order assembly, incoming goods and shipping activities
• Order processing is timely and customer orders are processed on time
  Ensuring KPI's are measured and corrective actions taken where necessary
• Ensuring that the procedures in place at all levels are followed so as to ensure all activities are geared towards providing top level quality service i.e. ISO 9000 type systems.

WAREHOUSE SUPERVISOR
Working with and reporting to the Warehouse manager this person works on the warehouse floor implementing daily work plans.

Responsibilities

• Managing shop floor staff in the areas of
• Incoming goods unloading and checking
• Order assembly
• Scheduling of order assembly
• Order checking
• Scheduling of shipping
• Ensuring loading plans are available from planner / Scheduler /transport supplier
• Loading of shipping vehicles
• Health and safety procedures are implemented.

PACKAGING AND CUSTOMISING MANAGER
Bulk product is delivered to an assembly line and dismantled and repackaged.
It is used in the re-assembly and repackaging of final product for re-distribution to retail outlets. The key issue is the repackaging of bulk stock into quantities suitable for delivery to retail units.

Key responsibilities

• Supervising the incoming orders from retail outlets
• Supervising the incoming deliveries from the wholesaler
• Ensuring good stock control
• Managing the running of an assembly line
• Managing the shipment collection by the transport provider
• Ensuring that the transport provider is provided with all information so as to ensure proper load planning and delivery schedules.

ORDER PICKER & PACKER
Generally operating in warehouses where order assembly for customers take place. Order assembly takes place by following a pick list which lists the stock locations in rotation. Following the list the operators move through the warehouse in sequence loading a pallet or wheeled cage.

When assembled the order is brought to the wrapping station for checking and wrapping prior to loading. The assembler then proceeds to the next order.

FORKLIFT DRIVER
As most stock movements are on pallets, one cannot operate without well trained and experienced fork truck operators. There are many types and the licences are geared towards these diversities.
Most operations have counterbalance machines, i.e. the counter weight on the rear counters the lifted weight in the front. Used to unload and load trucks and to load racking. This is the most popular type.
High reach machines. Where the weight in brought inside the front wheels and thus preventing the machine falling over. Used in narrow aisle applications where goods are placed high up into racks. This is the next most common type.

Other applications are many and varied, like high level order pickers where the operator is lifted up to the picking location. Container unloaders and other heavy lift machines are occasionally used.

ORDER PROCESSING CLERK
Working either within the warehouse or in the administration area. This person receives the orders from customers, enters them into the computer and prints pick-lists. These pick lists are grouped by delivery schedule and given to warehouse supervisor for assembly. On receipt of the completed and signed pick-list, this person processes the customer invoice.

Responsibilities

• Receiving customer orders
  • By fax
  • By e-mail
  • By phone
• Entering orders onto computer
• Printing pick lists
• Processing invoices
• Printing invoices
• Ensuring documents are sent to correct location

WAREHOUSE SUPPORTING ACTIVITY
MAINTENANCE SUPERVISOR
Many very large warehouses have a person charged with plant and building maintenance. The supervisor ensures that specialised contractors are called in as required when he/she or an operator cannot carry out the work.

The maintenance would also entail the recording of service and maintenance schedules.
Ensuring services and repairs are carried out in a timely and regular fashion.

Maintenance of:

• fork lift trucks
• powered pallet trucks
• high lift scissors lift machines (used for inventory counting)
• dock levellers
• wrapping machines.

Building maintenance

• structural
• doors
• walls
• roof
• guttering
• drains
• electrical
• plumbing
• cleaning (occasionally).

MAINTENANCE CLERK
Recording and filing of maintenance carried out
Ensuring schedules are followed and proper records are kept
Ensuring each machine and piece of equipment has its own records and files
Keeping the Maintenance Supervisor informed of daily schedules and requirements
Keeping up to date records on service providers
Ensuring all service call outs are covered by purchase orders
Ensuring all invoices are correct and in line with what was ordered and what was on the service sheet.

5.2 Industry job specifications
The following are sample job specifications used by companies for employment/information purposes and for training where appropriate.

5.2.1 - Pharmaceutical company

Job title: SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGER
Reports to: Branch Manager
Job Function: Co-ordinate and manage the supply chain aspects of the branch

General duties and responsibilities
Purchasing

• prepare purchase orders for requirements
• ensure control over all spend activities
• source and select vendors and negotiate prices/contracts as necessary
• prepare necessary documentation for the Revenue authorities
• communicate within the chain between suppliers and customers the relevant aspects of product introductions.

Planning and Order Management

• responsible for determining medium and long term production plans
• review production/packaging capacities
• monitor inventory levels including safety and strategic stocks
• review forecasts and monitor accuracy
• review cycle times/lead times
• create and maintain a valid Master Schedule
• ensure Bills of Material are maintained to all on accurate calculation of requirements for materials and product
• monitor and provide reliable information on status of sales orders
• ensure proper transportation when required.

Invoicing and Documentation

• prepare invoices, credit notes or other documentation in relation to customer orders.
Ensure transfer prices are agreed and in place when required.

Systems and Procedures

• ensure computer systems are in place to monitor and control all logistic aspects
• ensure quality systems are in place to maintain the necessary standards
• ensure written procedures are in place to cover all logistics aspects
• ensure a complaints system is in place
• ensure a Budgeting system exists for annual budgets.

General

• co-ordinate all logistics information requirements both standard and ad-hoc
• ensure a proper overall insight on the total supply chain for the relevant materials, products and markets
• ensure necessary commitments are given to relevant parties e.g. suppliers, customers etc
• initiate and recommend improvements in the business
• measure and report on overall performances
• proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out.

LOGISTICS MANAGER
Reports to General Manager

Primary Job Function:
Optimise the use of materials and resources to meet customer requirements. This is done by co-ordinating activities between packaging services, purchasing, planning and customer services.

General Duties and Responsibilities

• to have the ability to handle long term conceptual challenges and day to day business operations
• to be conversant with all technical aspects of products, processes, procedures, storage conditions etc within the logistics function
• to select and train suitable personnel to meet the objectives of the company
• to liaise effectively with all other departments, both locally and internationally, to ensure that the requirements of the logistics operation is met
• to ensure that written procedures are available to validate the operations of the dept.
• to ensure that all logistics operations conform to procedures and requirements of regulatory bodies such as MCA (UK), FDA (USA), Dept. of Health (IRL), etc
• to prepare annual departmental budgets. To analyse budgets, project costs and forecast sales
• ensure that adequate plant, machine and labour capacity is in place to meet customer demand
• to control delivery and manufacture of materials/products so as to achieve optimum ratios and use of resources
• ensure that the highest possible level of customer satisfaction is achieved
• ensure that adequate systems are in place to control materials flow to monitor performance and to provide feedback
• ensure that material, equipment etc are purchased in a timely and cost effective manner and to the required quality
• to proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out according to HSE Regulations and Plans.

OPERATIONAL PLANNER
Dept: Planning
Reports to: Planning Manager

Job Purpose
To develop and implement operational planning process and SCM system/process to ensure supply of OIL products in line with customer service and inventory policies using parameters laid down by the Supply Chain Strategies

Job Dimensions
Planning of Supply of products for medium to long term horizon

Principle responsibilities

• Ensure a monthly valid operational plan is implemented for all manufacturing and packaging areas for months 4-6 on SCM (upon implementation of process ) and also 7-12 on ERP.
• Work closely with Supply Chain Planner to improve availability of Product within the scope of the SCP by optimising capacity within the planning horizon
• Ensure that the company is in line with the agreed Operational Plan
• Responsible for generation, maintenance and control of the Operational Planning Processes and supporting tools; i.e. relevant Fygir Operational Model
• Integrate local SCM processes with international global SCM process
• Solve issues in the Planning horizon and propose a feasible readjusted plan
• Maintain relationship with the plant regarding capacity, production rates, lead times, routings etc
• Ensure that the correct data set is available within in the OP and that the SC Planner is provided with an accurate dataset for the SCP
• Owner of Planning Parameters for Manufacturing
• Provide effective communication and information between production site and marketing & development
• Provide Planner/Buyer with data for capacity buying
• Responsible for development and timely delivery of the annual budget figures for all manufacturing and packaging areas for relevant product group working closely with IPP (International Production Planning ) and Marketing
• Responsible for the development and timely delivery of Long Range Plans (LRP) for relevant product group
• Establish and execute inventory policy based on the Supply Chain inventory policy
• Report actual performance against KPI's
• Agree, meet and deliver all SLA's with MBU to support its operational objectives and the overall business objectives.

Key Performance Indicators
OP Planner

• capacity and routing accuracy on ERP/SCM systems
• realistic achievable plans
• achieve and maintain a defined level of inventory holding
• customer delivery performance
• TTM.

Technical Skill requirements

• Solid technical competency in basic PC applications
• Robust understanding ERP and SCM systems.

Interpersonal Skill requirements

• Ability to negotiate with external service providers
• Ability to operate effectively as a constructive team player
• Ability to lead, innovate, challenge and motivate individuals and teams
• Ability to deliver achievable time-phased targets
• Self-motivated with outstanding communications skills and a flexible approach to work
• Good overview of the impact of the job on the total Supply Chain.

PURCHASING MANAGER
Reports to Logistics Manager

Primary Job Function:

• Responsible for the day to day operation of the Purchasing Dept.
• Ensure that all policies and procedures are adhered to.

General duties and responsibilities

• Control of all O (I) L expenditure. Ensure company policies/procedures are adhered to in relation to all spend
• Provide good communication and support for purchasing personnel
• Review existing procedures relating to purchase activities. Update, if necessary. Prepare procedures for purchasing activities not procedurised
• Maintain control of all capital expenditure directly
• Prepare purchase orders for requirements in accordance with Company policies/procedures
• Review all production/procedures
• Review all production/non production spend activities
• Establish cost reduction and ship to stock programmes
• Show integrity with all aspects of duties
• Approve Purchasing budgets
• Audits of vendors
• To proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out according to HSE Regulations and Plans.

BUYER
Reports to Purchasing Manager

Primary Job Function
Source orders. Prepare purchase orders in accordance with procedures.

General duties and responsibilities

• Source and select vendors for production requirements of the company
• Negotiate prices/contracts with vendors
• Establish resourcing programme covering inter-company supplies
• Set-up vendor analysis programme covering quality, delivery performance and price
• Maintain and control all consumable spend
• Prepare purchase orders for requirements in accordance with company policies/procedures
• Control and process all purchase order requirements covering Production, consumable, TSD, as designated
• Expedite all outstanding deliveries
• Assist personnel in other purchasing areas that may be required i.e. technical purchasing, consumables etc
• Establish and maintain approved vendor listing
• Provide input into the formulation of procedures covering your area
• Assist in the preparation of budget requirements
• Prepare intrastat returns
• Maintain good communications with all O (I) L departments and with all vendors with which you come in contact
• To proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out according to HSE Regulations and Plans.

BUYER/PLANNER
Reports to Manufacturing Business Manager

Job Purpose
To develop effective CRP and MRP plans to ensure supply of OIL products in line with customer service and inventory policies using parameters laid down by the Supply Chain and Business Strategies.

Job Dimensions
Planning of manufacture and packaging in the medium term and ensuring that required materials are available.

Principle Responsibilities

Ensure an achievable weekly plan is generated for the buyer/planner horizon using the company CRP tools
• Ensure adherence to the operations plan and to safety stock levels and inventory levels within that plan
• Re plan within buyer/planner horizon based on local events
• Work closely with the Operations Planner to improve product availability by optimising capacity within the 0-3 month horizon
• Responsible for committing to customer orders and rescheduling where required in the buyer/planner horizon
• Responsible for processing orders e.g. processing system messages for work order and purchase orders
• Development of supplier relationships. Act as main point of contact for vendors.
• Issue monthly purchasing capacity plans and forecasts to vendors as per agreed plan
• Place all component purchase orders. Ensure the release of all purchased components and semi finished product prior to hand off to finite schedule horizon
• Develop and maintain relationship with the OP planner and finite scheduler regarding Capacity, production rates and supplier issues
• Ensure EPR system is kept up to date with Capacity data
• Ensure that item manufacturing values relating to purchased components are maintained
• Control Engineering Changes within buyer/planner horizon
• Report actual performance against KPI's
• Agree and deliver all SLA's with MBU to support its operational objectives and the overall business objectives.

Key Performance Indicators

Customer delivery performance
• Delivery to stock date
• WO open on time
• TTM
• Achieve and maintain a defined level of inventory holding
• Materials available on time
• Stability of plan within buyer/planner horizon to OP plan
• On time issue of purchasing capacity plans and forecasts to vendors as per agreed plan.

Functional Subordinates
0

Knowledge requirements

• 2-3 years of Production Planning experience in Pharmaceutical or related environment
• Preferably educated to a third level and/or APICS/Logistics qualification
• Highly analytical and familiar with inventory control (including understanding the commercial impact of holding inventory).

Technical Skill requirements

• Understanding of ERP and SCM systems.

Interpersonal Skill requirements

• Ability to negotiate with external service providers
• Ability to operate effectively as a constructive team player
• Self motivated with a flexible approach to work
• Ability to deliver achievable time-phased targets.

FINITE SCHEDULER
Reports to Manufacturing Business Manager

Job Purpose
To develop effective schedules to ensure supply of OIL products in line with Warehousing, production and Quality requirements.

Job Dimensions
Scheduling of work orders within one month horizon.

Principle responsibilities

• Generate and issue 2 week finite schedule each Thursday by 2pm to meet production plan and customer orders
• Track and drive MBU to meet daily schedule
• Open all work orders within agreed lead times
• Ensure all PI's are issued on time within agreed lead times
• Replan within finite scheduler horizon based on local events
• Responsible for rescheduling customer orders as soon as it is known that customer order dates are not achievable ( within finite schedule horizon )
• Ensure work order header dates on ERP system are kept up to date with work centre dates on ERP system
• Solve daily issues within the finite schedulers horizon
• Control Engineering Changes within finite scheduler horizon
• Report actual performance against PI's
• Agree and deliver all SLA's with MBU to support its operational objectives and the overall business objectives.

Key Performance Indicators

• Customer delivery performance
• Delivery to stock date
• WO open on time
• TTM
• Stability of the 2 week firm schedule.

Functional Subordinates
0

Knowledge requirements

• 2-3 years of Production Planning experience in Pharmaceutical or related environment
• Preferably educated to a third level and/or with APICS / Logistics qualification
• Shows high analytical skills with exceptional eye for detail.

Technical Skill requirements
Basic understanding of ERP and SCM systems.

Interpersonal Skill requirements

• Ability to negotiate with external service providers
• Ability to operate effectively as a constructive team player
• Self motivated with a flexible approach to work
• Ability to deliver achievable time-phased targets.

PRODUCTION MANAGER - WAREHOUSE & CARTONING
Reports to Factory Manager

Primary Job Function:
To manage the manufacturing and packaging activities within the Tableting Dept. in accordance with cGMPs.

General Duties and Responsibilities:

• To advise, and train motivate the workforce in each of the departments
• To organise and manage the throughout of materials through the warehouse according to current good storage practice
• To organise and manage the warehouse according to current company procedures on inventory management control
• To continually strive to upgrade the methods of storekeeping, in keeping with current trends
• To make recommendations on equipment on system changes where appropriate
• To ensure that self inspections are carried out and procedures are adhered to on a regular basis
• To control the stocks on free issue items
• To organise and manage the throughout of materials through the cartoning dept. in line with current GMP and procedures
• To acquaint himself/herself with modern packing/entering technology
• To increase packing line efficiency where applicable
• To organise and manage the dispensing of all ingredients in line with current GMP and procedures
• To ensure proper utilisation of staff and resources under his/her control
• To write or update procedures in each sub department on a regular basis
• To ensure adherence to the relevant clothing disciplines of each sub-department
• To carry out the steps necessary to ensure the safety and health of personnel and to be involved in environmental issues relating to the company
• To prepare budgets for each sub-department and ensure adherence to same
• To carry out any other activities assigned to him/her by the Factory Manager
• To proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out according to HSE Regulations and Plans.

WAREHOUSE SUPERVISOR
Reports to Production Manager

Overall Purpose of Job:
To lead a warehouse team to achieve warehouse schedules and targets within GMP, quality and systems requirements.

Principle accountabilities:
NOTE: Warehousing team is responsible for goods inwards, dispensing of ingredients, issuing of packaging materials/product, shipments and all of material movement around the factory.

People management:

• To plan and organise the daily work of the Chargehands and Operators within the dept.
• To assist in the selection and training of Team Members
• To lead, motivate and coach team members to meet Warehouse targets and schedules
• To promote and maintain good Industrial Relations
• To manage all disciplinary and grievance issues
• To carry out steps necessary to ensure the safety and health of personnel and be involved in environmental issues relating to the department
• To implement all management and personnel systems relevant to the area.

Operations:

• To ensure Warehouse targets and schedules are met within budgets and according to cGMP procedures
• To ensure all scheduled activities are implemented
• Day to day planning of the workload to ensure effective utilisation of facilities, labour and materials
• To liaise with all other departments to ensure Warehouse requirements are met
• To ensure that team members operate within safety standards
• To ensure that all Warehouse operations are carried out according to cGMP and procedures
• To report, investigate and follow up on Warehouse deviations
• To develop, update and employ the skills and duties required by the Company due to operational or technological change and transfer to other areas if necessary
• To promote GMP and QUALITY awareness within the team
• To co-ordinate all waste disposal activities
• To maintain high levels of inventory accuracy (98% or better) by ensuring all team members operate the inventory recording systems according to procedure.

Documentation/administration

• To organise completion of training records for all team members
• To ensure all labour hours are correctly recorded and accounted for on the TAR system
• To act as Application Administer for the weighing/counting system
• To prepare Warehouse budgets and monitor overhead certs
• To monitor consumable stocks and re-order as necessary.

Job challenges:
The main challenges of the job are:

• Meeting Warehouse targets and within budget
• GMP, Quality and systems compliance
• Promote and maintain a high level of motivation and morale within the department.

Relationships:
All members of staff. Visitors, contractors, vendors.

Job knowledge, skills and experience

• Excellent people management/team leading ability through communication, interpersonal skills and practical experience
• Knowledge of computerised inventory control systems within an MRP/business system. Must be able to support/train the team and resolve routine system problems
• PC based skills desirable so as to support the dispensing system and resolve routine problems. Person should be capable of taking on the system application administrator
• Planning skills required and ability to actively adhere to dispensing, picking and shipping schedules
• Ability to handle wide range of issues across many areas i.e.:
  • MRP/Inventory Control
  • Dispensing Systems /Facilities
  • Material flow to/from Production
  • Shipping/Dispatch/CSD
  • Goods Inwards/Purchasing/QC Sampling
  • Waste Disposal - all types
• GMP awareness and adherence to all regulations and procedures.

PROCESS/WAREHOUSE OPERATIVE
Reports to: production/warehouse supervisor

Overall purpose of job:
To work in a Production Team to achieve Production targets within GMP and quality requirements.

Principle accountabilities:

• To carry out Production/Warehouse operations according to batch manufacturing records, procedures and cGMP's
• To carry out and document all quality checks as outlined in the procedures
• To liaise, co-ordinate and communicate with all members of the Production/Warehouse team and other Production and QA personnel
• To carry out all cleaning, tidying and housekeeping activities between batches and on a daily basis, to disassemble, clean and reassemble all equipment in the Production/Warehouse area according to SOP's
• To make machine/equipment adjustments as required to maintain output and quality
• To complete Production or machine related documentation
• To be aware of the ongoing quality of the Production/Materials process
• To check materials prior to manufacture/operation start up and during all materials handling process
• Use Computer Systems where necessary, and the accurate input of all relevant data
• To participate in the training of other Process/Warehouse Operatives
• To work in a safe manner and give due regard to the safety and health of other staff
• To operated material handling equipment with due regard to the safety of other staff, products and facilities
• To undergo further training and transfer to other areas when required
• To carry out other duties as delegated by the Production Supervisor
• To work in conjunction with all team members in carrying out changeovers and set ups
• To work in conjunction with all team members in the operation of Production equipment.

Job challenges:
The main challenges of the job are:

• Meeting Production / Warehouse targets
• GMP and Quality compliance
• Operate as part of a Production / Warehouse team.

Relationships:
All members of staff
Visitors, contractors, vendors.

Job knowledge, skills and experience
Team working skills. General industrial experience. Keyboard skills.

CUSTOMER SERVICES CO-ORDINATOR
Reports to: customer services manager

Primary job function:
To provide a high level of Service for a specific set of customers

General duties and responsibilities

• To process incoming sales orders in line with order/forecast procedures
• To provide and maintain customer forecast data on the order management system
• To provide customers with such information as delivery, price, transport details, early warnings, acknowledgements.
• To satisfactorily reply to all customer queries
• To monitor customer satisfaction levels
• To arrange suitable transport for customer shipments
• To prepare invoices, packing lists, credit notes
• To arrange for legalisation of documents where applicable
• To liase with Customers, Planning and Quality Assurance Departments on all aspects of Customer Order Status
• To act as Customer interface with the goal of meeting and exceeding customers expectations
• To proactively ensure that all Health, Safety and Environmental responsibilities are carried out according to HSE Regulations and Plans.

5.2.2 - Electronics company

PURCHASING OFFICER
Major Responsibilities:
Establishes and negotiates cost effective multi-site purchase agreements, processes orders and manages suppliers for assigned commodities. Provides a very high level of expertise in specific commodities and provides extraordinary service to customers. May teach and guide more junior staff members on shared commodities. Manage on site customer service representatives. Develops purchasing procedures and policies, departmental goals and objectives with Management. Will develop strategies for assigned commodities and suppliers. Identifies areas for continuous improvement related to the purchasing process internally and externally. Successfully executes assigned goals independently in a timely manner. Exercises judgement within and outside direct area of responsibility. Minimal review of the work by the manager. Able to balance business needs, departmental goals, and practicality when making decisions. Evaluates, selects and manages suppliers for a site or multi-site. Provides leadership in solving complex problems in the area of expertise, understands and suggests solutions in all areas of purchasing. Anticipates and proactively solves problems on own. Implements preventive measures to avoid problem occurrence and recurrence. Able to perform all assignments with minimal coaching and guidance. Leads many of these goals on shared commodities. Develops effective relationships with co-workers, internal customers and external suppliers, at all levels, to educate customers and provide value-add solutions. Able to diffuse tense situations with tact and diplomacy.

Position Requirements and Education:
Degree in Business Studies, equivalent or higher. In depth knowledge of purchasing principles , theories, concepts or related experience. In depth knowledge of a specialized commodity. Highly skilled in negotiation techniques. Analyses customer needs for the best possible solution. Familiar with value analysis, make/buy/lease decisions, and other advanced purchasing topics. A Working knowledge of continuous improvement philosophy and advanced quality tools. Excellent written and verbal communication skills. Able to manage large and/or complex projects to achieve goals with very little direction. All of the above.

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGER/DIRECTOR
Major Responsibilities:
Responsible for both the International planning & EMEA procurement functions based in Dublin. The current Planning and Procurement Managers will report directly to this person as will a number of buyers based in EMEA. Key Attributes: This person will be a seasoned and experienced Supply Chain professional educated to MBA level. - Strong People Manager with excellent interpersonal skills. - Must have International /EMEA experience particularly as it relates to Procurement. - Worked previously in a multi-national environment at senior management level. - Must be willing to travel on a regular basis to EMEA and beyond.

Position Requirements and Education:
Must be qualified to MBA level - Good people manager and strong Leader. - Excellent interpersonal skills and be able to deal at all levels in the organisation. Must have operated at Senior Management level. Must have International/EMEA experience specifically as it relates to Procurement - Must have a proven track record in Procurement and planning within a multinational environment - Additional European language would be desirable but not essential.

PLANNER
Major Responsibilities:
Responsible for all customer issues for the following markets UK, Scandinavia, Australia & NZ. Ensure that stock is always available on critical line items, plan the production builds, manage inventory in line with company policy. Reduce the inventory exposure yet ensure that customer service levels are met.

Position Requirements and Education:
Primary Business Degree, or APICS or IIPMM. Minimum of 3 years experience in Production Planning. Business Objectives: Support production of product builds during the Qtr, plan inventory so as to reach end of qtr with unfulfilled sales orders of all orders placed in the last three days to be less than 5%. Critical Success Factors: Ability to deal with ambiguity, approachable, intellectually capable, interpersonal savvy, strategic agility. Functional Success Factors: Individual must demonstrate a track record of working in Production Inventory Planning. Position requires someone with strong Excel and report writing skills, who can work to strict deadlines. Strong analytical and good communication skills also required.

WAREHOUSE OPERATORS/FORKLIFT DRIVERS
Job Description;

• Order fulfilment - bulk picking product from warehouse, preparation of orders at the scanning stations
• Scanning of orders ready for Shipping
• Dispatch all of shipment from the warehouse
• Booking in finished good stock
• Preparation of end user and VLP shipments via freight supplier
• Auditing cycle counting reports, auditing stock location in warehouse to ensure that stock matches warehouse items.

Person Specification:

• Ability to work with team/on own
• Ability to use initiative and follow operating and quality procedures consistently
• Excellent attendance and timekeeping
• Achievement of production targets
• Able to work varying shifts
• Good housekeeping practice
• Forklift licence.

5.2.3 - Food manufacturing company

SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGER
Objectives:

• To design a supply chain that delivers effective customer service at optimum logistical cost
• To manage the interface with the Sales & Marketing Dept's to ensure supply chain effectiveness matches the company goals and targets
• To optimise the planning and scheduling functions as they interface with the Production team and the Sales & Marketing team
• To create a mechanism for precise and accurate measurement of the total supply chain
• To implement improvements within the supply chain.

Primary Responsibilities:

1. Planning and Scheduling
2. Purchasing of Raw Material and Procurement of Finished Goods
3. Warehousing of all finished goods with the total distribution network
4. Transport - All company owned fleet, all third party contractors, both for national distribution and international procurement
5. Cabinet Management
6. Business Processes and IT within the Supply Chain
7. Third Party Relationship management
8. Costs and Budget Control of Supply Chain
9. Depot Management

OUTSOURCED CONTRACT SUPERVISOR
Role:

• The purpose of this role is to co-ordinate the Warehousing & Logistics operations
• This involves the management of the relationship between the company and the third party logistics provider on a day to day basis
• Setting up, implementing and monitoring the business processes and improving them through process optimisation
• Will be responsible for the Establishment and Maintenance of Freight Timetables
• Will manage the Cycle Count activity for company product to ensure Inventory Accuracy
• Will co-ordinate with the Sourcing Department on all issues in relation to Inventory Management
• Will co-ordinate with the Third Party the measurement of the operation and identify all key performance indicators
• Will work closely with Sales and National Accounts Departments regarding the shipment of our product to our Customers
• The role also involves people management and the candidate will have to demonstrate a strong track record and experience in that area.
• The candidate will have to be experienced in third party/ contract/ supplier management in a high volume industry.

INVENTORY CO-ORDINATOR
Role:

• The successful Candidate will work closely with the Outsourced Contract Supervisor to ensure the successful running of the outsourced operation
• Cross Docks/Depots/Third Party Warehouse staff
• Must be skilled in the efficient management of the Warehouse, Order
• Processing, Inventory Control and assist in any training requirements at the third party site concerning the company's products
• Ability to work on own initiative and attention to detail is essential
• Must be capable of the co-ordination of trunking timetables
• Will carry out the Cycle Count activity within the company to ensure Inventory Accuracy
• Will co-ordinate with the Sourcing Dept. on all issues in relation to Inventory Management
• Will assist with the Third Party the measurement of the operation and identify all key performance indicators
• Will work closely with Sales & National Accounts Departments regarding the shipment of our product to our Customers
• Need to be customer focused and results driven
• Good computer literacy and knowledge of Inventory Management Systems is desirable.

ROLE AND DUTIES OF FOREMAN/CHECKER
The role of the Foreman/Checker is to co-ordinate the day to day working of the Cold Store.
Specifically the Foreman/ Checker will perform the following duties:

1. Lock and unlock the Cold Stores, ensuring all staff have vacated the Cold Store before locking
2. Start up, operate and close down the W.M.S. on a daily basis. The necessary training will be provided
3. Delegate work to the forklift drivers on a daily basis. Work will be prioritised by the Manager. When fully operational the W.M.S. will allocate tasks to the forklift
drivers
4. Check all stock issues and transfers
5. Spot check completed orders
6. The transfer of loads will be co-ordinated with the Manager and details of the loads will be provided as required
7. Control documentation in the area
8. Liaise with transport companies regarding incoming and outgoing loads e.g. co-ordinate arrival and delivery times
9. Keep Manager informed of daily work in progress
10. Foreman/Checker will only load/unload , take orders from, Cold Store to Loading Bank;
• in the event of short term staff shortages, one day, and then only
• in strict rotation
• if staff shortages of over one day are predicted, cover will be provided by either temporary staff, for duration of absence or by
overtime, subject to not exceeding the maximum available.
• in the event of temporary staff being unavailable for such cover it will not affect their position on the seniority for recall.
11. Co-operate with on-going changes and developments subject to the normal prior consultation and agreement
12. Comply fully with all housekeeping and safety rules. Report observed breach of these Regulations to the Manager.

ROLE AND DUTIES OF FORKLIFT DRIVERS
The role of the Forklift Driver is to carry out the duties assigned to him by the Foreman/Checker or Manager relating to the day to day running of the Cold Store.
Specifically Forklift Drivers will perform the following duties:

1. Operate the W.M.S. (the necessary training will be provided) where applicable
2. Pick all orders on pallets or cages and sign picking sheet
3. Number of pallets / cages per order recorded on the picking sheet
4. Be responsible for the accuracy of their own work
5. All orders to be assembled neatly, clearly identified and located in the correct loading area
6. Ensure all pallets are put away in the correct location and in a safe condition
7. Complete location and quantity checks of pallets within the warehouse
8. Report all faulty equipment and accidents to Foreman / Checker
9. Ensure all product is placed on trailers in a safe condition and that all LOT numbers for export are recorded
10. Observe and comply fully with all housekeeping and safety rules and complete housekeeping as required
11. Ensure equipment is placed on charge as required
12. Operate the cherrypicker (people with a fear of heights will be excused)
13. Forklift Drivers should be capable of performing all tasks in the area ensuring job rotation
14. Unlock and lock the Cold Stores, ensuring all staff have vacated the Cold Store before locking when the Foreman Checker is not available
15. Co-operate with the ongoing changes and developments subject to the normal prior consultation and agreement

The occupation classification used in Ireland for the collecting of national employment data is the Standard Occupation Classification - SOC 1990. The SOC provides a source of limited job definitions. The following job definitions from SOC 1990, correspond to some degree with the Novalog job titles:

PURCHASING MANAGERS
Purchasing managers (not retail) plan, organise, direct and co-ordinate the purchasing policies and activities of industrial, commercial and other establishments.

Tasks

• Determines staffing, financial and other short and long term needs.
• Assesses the type, quality, quantity and price of items and dates when they must be available.
• Decides on whether orders should be put out to tender and evaluates supplier's quotes.
• Negotiates contract with supplier and draws up contract documents.
• Arranges for quality checks of incoming goods.
• Interviews supplier's representatives and visits trade fairs.

Related Job Titles

• Purchasing director
• Purchasing manager.

STORES CONTROLLERS
Stores Controllers plan, organise, direct and co-ordinate the receipt, issue and storage of materials and the procedures and resources necessary for maintaining stocks at an optimum level.

Tasks

• Liaises with production, maintenance, sales and other departments to determine the materials and other items required for current and future production schedules and sales commitments
• Develops and implements stock control policies to maximise use of space, money, labour and other resources
• Arranges for regular inspections of stock to detect deterioration or damage
• Advises purchasing department on type, quality and quantity of goods required and dates by which they must be available
• Prepares reports on expenditure and advises on materials and parts standardisation, future stores and stock control policies.

Related Job Titles

• Materials Controller
• Parts Manager
• Stock Control Manager
• Stock Controller
• Stores Manager

MANAGERS IN WAREHOUSING AND OTHER MATERIALS HANDLING
Workers in this unit group plan, organise, direct and co-ordinate the receipt, storage and warehousing, handling, despatch and transport of goods and the loading and unloading of cargo and / or the embarkation and disembarkation of ships' and aircraft passengers.

Tasks

• Advises on product planning, packaging, materials handling and suitable handling equipment
• Decides on storage conditions for particular items, allocates warehouse space and arranges for regular stock inspections to detect deterioration or damage
• Plans and supervises loading and unloading of goods and maintains statutory and other records of all items handled
• Arranges for the issue of boarding cards and other documentation and co-ordinates the disembarkation of passengers and their transport from dock, quayside or airport
• Reviews space utilisation, staffing and distribution expenditure and determines future warehousing and distribution policies.

Related Job Titles

• Cargo superintendant
• Despatch manager
• Distribution manager
• Warehouse manager.

STOREKEEPERS AND WAREHOUSEMEN/WOMEN
Storekeepers and warehousemen/women store, maintain stock records and store, select and issue freight, furniture, equipment and other items.

Tasks

• Directs or undertakes unloading of goods from vans and supervises the sorting of passengers' baggage for hold or baggage room
• Checks items against invoices and inventories, records issue and despatch of goods and maintains records of goods in stock
• Stores or directs the storage of goods in appropriate section of warehouse, cellar, hold or cupboard
• Makes up orders
• Against requisitions from customers and arranges for despatch.

Related Job Titles

• Despatcher
• Partsman/woman
• Stockroom assistant
• Storekeeper
• Storeman/woman
• Stores assistant
• Warehouse assistant.

BUYERS AND PURCHASING OFFICERS (NOT RETAIL)
Buyers and purchasing officers (not retail) organise and undertake the buying of raw materials, equipment and merchandise for wholesale distribution and buy advertising space, printed material and other facilities necessary for producing television programmes, films and stage productions.

Tasks

• Examines price lists and samples and selects the most suitable supplier or places tenders with suitable firms
• Helps negotiate contract with supplier and specifies details of goods or services required
• Monitors quality of incoming goods and returns unsatisfactory or faulty items
• Undertakes or arranges the expediting of orders when delays occur
• Maintains records and prepares reports as necessary.

Related Job Titles

• Buyer (not retail)
• Media buyer
• Properties buyer.

FORK LIFT AND MECHANICAL TRUCK DRIVERS
Fork lift and mechanical truck drivers supervise and undertake the driving and operation of fork lift and mechanical trucks in factories, warehouses, storerooms and other areas to transfer goods and materials.

Tasks

• Drives truck to load and operates controls to pick up load on forks or in hopper
• Drives truck to unloading point and lowers forks or hopper to correct position on stack or ground
• Ensures that truck is connected to charger or is correctly refuelled for use
• May keep records of work undertaken
• Cleans, oils and greases machine.

Related Job Titles

• Dumper driver
• Fork lift driver
• Fork lift truck driver
• Stacker truck driver
• Truck driver.

Jobs have been defined for national statistics gathering purposes - the titles used are traditional and do not reflect the range of activities and occupations involved in modern day logistics operations. A limited number of logistics jobs have been defined for the purposes of providing information on careers in this field.

Larger companies in distribution, and the key manufacturing sectors have written job specifications for a range of occupations. These vary from company to company in the use of titles, the grouping of activities etc. and are in the main used for employment, training and performance assessment purposes.

It is clear that logistics is a business activity that is constantly undergoing change, embracing new and existing functions, and adapting to new technologies and systems. Hence occupations within this field will continue to be refined and re-defined. Two particular trends that appear to be emerging are the importance of marketing and materials management within the broad definition of logistics related activities. Customer service co-ordination and the management within a firm of the interface between marketing and logistics, as well as materials management and control are perceived as being crucial for the successful implementation of a company's logistics operation.