new competencies and
innovations in logistics

In Portugal,the potential providers of statistical data on jobs are :

The National Statistical Systemwhich, since 1989, has been made up of the High Council of Statistics and the National Statistical Institute (Instituto Nacional de Estatisticas-INE). Asfor NSI, it hs been granted the status of anautonomous public institute endowed with its own legal personality (http://www.ine.pt/).

L'Instituto do Emprego e Formação Profissional (IEFP) is apublic body under the authority of the Ministry for economic and labour activities. Its main task is to implement the employment and vocational training policies which have been decided upon and approved by the Portuguese government (http://portal.iefp.pt/).

The Departamento de Estatística do Trabalho, Emprego e Formação Profissional (DETEFP), which is part of the Departamento de Estudos, Estatística e Planeamento within the Ministry for economic and labour activities (http://www.detefp.pt).

2.1 The National classification system
The Classificaçao Nacional das Profissoes CNP-94 (the National Classification of Occupations) is the result of a revision of the 1980 National Classification of Occupations, which it now replaces. The review was conducted on the basis of the ISCO-88 (International Standard Classification of Occupations) published by the International Labour Office, and in accordance with the resolutions taken at the 13th International Labour Statistics Conference, relative to the need for labour statistics to use ISCO definitions so as to facilitate international comparisons. The CNP-94 is a very precise statistical nomenclature.

At national level, the new CNP is an important tool for manpower statistics and population censuses, and is increasingly useful for professionals and organizations in the field of training, labour market, the supply and demand of jobs, career advice, guidance and information, recruitment and labour regulations. The new National Classification of Occupations includes 1,700 occupations, substantially less than the 3,800 occupations defined in the first CNP.

The CNP-94 was drawn up using two central concepts: the concept of the nature of the work performed and the concept of skills. The first one is directly related to the tasks normally executed by the occupant of the job and its respective requirements: occupations are defined broadly, to cover a number of jobs and work stations with similar tasks and requirements. The second concept, skills, is defined as the capacity to perform the tasks required by a given job.

For the purposes of the CNP-94, two parameters are used for this definition:

1. The level of skills, determined by the complexity and diversity of the tasks required
2. The type of skills is related to the knowledge required, the tools and machinery used, the materials worked on and with, and the nature of the goods produced and the services rendered.

These two core concepts were used to aggregate and define occupations for the CNP-94.

The core concepts adopted for the CNP-94 resulted in a pyramidal and hierarchical structure of nine Major Groups which subdivide into Major Sub-Groups, Sub-Groups and Base Groups. The following table shows the nine Major Groups.

Table 1. The nine Major Groups of CNO-94
Major Groups	Major Sub-Groups Number	Sub-Groups Number	Base Groups Number
1 Executive civil servants, industrial directors and executives	3	6	28
2 Intellectual and scientist professionals	4	17	49
3 Middle management and technicians	4	19	63
4 Administrative and related workers	2	7	20
5 Service and sales workers	2	9	21
6 Farmers and skilled agricultural and fisheries workers	2	6	14
7 Skilled workers, craftsmen and similar	4	17	70
8 Machine operators and assembly workers	3	20	67
9 Unskilled workers	3	10	23

The Base Groups are the smallest groups in the CNP-94 and generally include more than one occupation. Each Base Group is given a brief outline describing the main tasks involved and the occupations it includes.

Logistics and transport jobs in the CNP-94 classification

Some of the jobs such as the purchasing manager (that is to say the "chefe de compras", the "Director de compras" and the "comprador") may or may not fall into the logistics domain according to the company (the purchasing function may be part of the purchasing and supply function for some companies and therefore be related to logistics).

Concerning the purchasing functions, four occupations are concerned ("Director de Compras"; Chefe de Compras"; "Comprador" and "Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao"). These functions can be completely separate from logistics jobs, although in some companies the purchasing function is completely included in the logistics function. In this category, we may include companies in which the purchasing function is not included in the logistics function.

With regard to handling, some workers perform their duties in the warehouse, whereas others perform their duties according to the means of transport they are working with. For example, in maritime transport there are several handling occupations (e.g. "Trabalhador de terra ou cais", "Operador de rampa", which are handler jobs in the maritime sector). In some cases, they are included as logistics jobs and in others they are not (see Annex 1).

Table 2. Classification of the CNP-94 for jobs in logistics and transport
CNP - 94Code	Job title
122610	Director de transportes
122615	Director de entreposto
123505	Director de compras
123590	Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao
131605	Director e gerente de transportes
311920	Planificador
341605	Chefe de compras
341610	Comprador
413110	Economo
413115	Fiel de armazém
413120	Encarregado de Armazém
413190	Outros empregados de aprovisionamento e armazém
413210	Apontador
413305	Chefe de movimiento-Transportes rodoviarios
413345	Conferente maritimo
832210	Motorista de automoveis ligeiros-Mercadorias
832405	Motorista de veiculos pesados-Mercadorias
832490	Outros condutores de veiculos pesados de mercadorias
833405	Conductor de empilhador
915105	Distribuidor
932205	Emprego de serviços de pesagem (Pesador)
932210	Embalador (enfardador) manual
933310	Trabalhador de terra ou cais (carregador, descarregador)
933315	Operador de rampa
933320	Manobrador de carro pesador
933325	Carregador
933330	Encarregado- Estiva
933390	Outros carregadores e descarregadores de mercadorias

2.3 Statistics regarding logistics and transport jobs

Table 2. Jobs related to logistics and transport
CNP-94Code	Job title	1995	1997	1999
Directives jobs
122610	Director de transportes	332	309	453
122615	Director de entreposto	13	13	20
123505	Director de compras	103	91	147
123590	Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao	0	0	5
131605	Director e gerente de transportes	351	280	472
311920	Planificador	783	1 168	1 766
341605	Chefe de compras	824	927	1 044
Intermediary jobs
341610	Comprador	423	456	628
413110	Economo	525	536	569
413115	Fiel de armazém	481	429	361
413120	Encarregado de Armazém	19 605	22 242	24 060
413190	Outros empregados de aprovisionamento e armazém	5 002	4 723	5 718
413210	Apontador	0	0	2 260
413305	Chefe de movimiento-Transportes rodoviarios	3 975	4 265	4 017
413345	Conferente maritimo	322	475	460
Operatives jobs
832210	Motorista de automoveis ligeiros-Mercadorias	137	101	106
832405	Motorista de veiculos pesados-Mercadorias	6 963	8 357	9 117
832490	Outros condutores de veiculos pesados de mercadorias	28 871	28 456	48 689
833405	Conductor de empilhador	3 779	3 699	4 113
915105	Distribuidor	12 321	12 867	13 471
932205	Emprego de serviços de pesagem (Pesador)	1 012	1 070	708
932210	Embalador (enfardador) manual	17 029	17 329	19 043
933310	Trabalhador de terra ou cais (carregador, descarregador)	485	614	543
933315	Operador de rampa	1 538	1 455	1 408
933320	Manobrador de carro pesador	17	28	112
933325	Carregador	10 489	11 393	14 778
933330	Encarregado- Estiva	33	33	46
933390	Outros carregadores e descarregadores de mercadorias	0	0	293
Total selected jobs		122 664	129 123	165 602
Total population (thousands )		9 846 800	9 877 500	9 987 800
Active population (thousands )		4 754 300	4 854 500	5 046 800

There is a large amount of driving jobs in comparison to strategic jobs in the transport sector. The majority of logistics jobs are to be found within warehouses, such as packer (embalador), handler (a job which has a variety of names) and forklift driver (conductor de empilhador).

This table shows the significant presence of intermediary and operative jobs in logistics. The strategic and conceptual jobs are less well represented or do not exist at all. In the operative jobs, a difference can be observed between skilled and unskilled jobs: for instance, forklift drivers are under represented in comparison to packers or handlers.

3.1 Logistics and transport jobs by sector
The Portuguese Classification of Economic Activities, Revised 2 (CAE Rev.2, Classificaçao Portuguesa de Actividades Economicas, Revisao 2) is the most commonly used nomenclature regarding current economic activities. It was elaborated by the INE (the National Institute for Statistics) with the collaboration of a hundred institutions including the Public Administration, social partners and companies. It was designed to replace the CAE Rev.1/73. The CAE Rev.2 was established by the Decree-Law n°183/93 of 14 May and was harmonized with the NACE-Rev.1 in the same way.

It is a classification and a collection of statistical units which produce goods and services, according to economic activity. It organizes, in a coordinated and coherent form, statistical economic and social information, per economicl activity, in various domains (production, employment, energy, investment, etc.). It is a statistical comparative tool at a national, community and world level.

The five economic sectors which are represented in the table are economic sectors where logistics jobs appear inside:

• DG: Manufacture of chemical products and synthetic fibres (Fabricaçao de Produtos Quimicos e de Fibras sintéticas ou artificiais)
• DH: Manufacture of rubber articles and plastic materials (Fabricaçao de Artigos de Borracha e de Matérias Plasticas)
• DL: Manufacture of electrical and optical equipment (Fabricaçao de Equipamento Eléctrico e de Optica)
• G52: Trade (Comércio a retalho em Estabelecimentos nao especializados)
• I60: Land transport ; pipeline transports (Transportes terrestres; Transportes por oleodutos ou gasodutos (pipelines))
• I61: Water transport
• I62: Air transport
• I63: Support and auxiliary transport activities; activities of travel agencies (Actividades anexas e auxiliares dos Transportes ; Agencias de Viagem e de Turismo)

The logistics jobs are most represented in the area of trade and transport. There is a historical reason for this because transport and logistics are very close to each other. The transport sector is concentrating more and more of its activities in logistics. Trade is an important and growing sector in Portugal.

Intermediate and operative jobs are also very present in the trade and transport sectors.

Table 3. Logistics and transport jobs by sectors
CAE CNP-94		1995
		DG	DH	DL	G52	I-60/63	DG
122610	Director de transportes	0	0	0	2	299	0
122615	Director de entreposto	0	0	0	1	4	0
123505	Director de compras	6	1	7	4	2	2
123590	Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao	0	0	0	0	0	0
131605	Director e gerente de transportes	0	0	0	2	323	0
311920	Planificador	3	10	40	7	187	2
341605	Chefe de compras	8	3	8	91	3	8
341610	Comprador	20	2	9	29	16	16
413110	Economo	1	1	2	3	82	4
413115	Fiel de armazém	251	130	432	1 493	1 539	222
413120	Encarregado de Armazém	113	86	11	386	180	129
413190	Outros empregados de aprovisionamento e armazém	0	0	0	0	0	0
413210	Apontador	20	9	179	14	82	23
413305	Chefe de movimiento-Transportes rodoviarios	2	0	3	3	223	5
413345	Conferente maritimo	0	12	0	0	86	0
832210	Motorista de automoveis ligeiros-Mercadorias	110	60	25	1 062	171	91
832405	Motorista de veiculos pesados-Mercadorias	425	384	112	1 722	1 440	413
832490	Outros condutores de veiculos pesados de mercadorias	0	0	0	0	0	0
833405	Conductor de empilhador	98	7	24	326	308	52
915105	Distribuidor	93	16	53	2 103	33	82
932205	Emprego de pesagem (Pesador)	10	8	4	12	0	16
932210	Embalador (enfardador) manual	891	93	210	621	91	882
933310	Trabalhador de terra ou cais (carregador, descarregador)	0	1	1	0	97	0
933315	Operador de rampa	11	0	0	0	1 527	0
933320	Manobrador de carro pesador	0		0	0	0	0
933325	Carregador	7	0	7	2 353	2 468	15
933330	Encarregado - Estiva	0	0	0	0	29	0
933390	Outros carregadores e descarregadores de mercadorias	0		0	0	0	2 260
	TOTAL 1995	2 241	924	1 477	10 336	10 923	4 520

CAE CNP-94		1997
		DH	DL	G52	I-60/63	DG
122610	Director de transportes	0	0	0	269	1
122615	Director de entreposto	0	0	2	5	1
123505	Director de compras	1	6	4	2	3
123590	Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao	0	0	0	0	0
131605	Director e gerente de transportes	0	1	1	264	0
311920	Planificador	4	21	16	191	7
341605	Chefe de compras	2	3	83	2	11
341610	Comprador	0	20	32	6	18
413110	Economo	4	5	4	22	2
413115	Fiel de armazém	164	372	1 938	1 364	196
413120	Encarregado de Armazém	80	19	308	159	94
413190	Outros empregados de aprovisionamento e armazém	0	0	0	0	3
413210	Apontador	6	94	21	69	18
413305	Chefe de movimiento-Transportes rodoviarios	0	4	2	338	1
413345	Conferente maritimo	0	3	0	52	1
832210	Motorista de automoveis ligeiros-Mercadorias	44	26	1 234	184	140
832405	Motorista de veiculos pesados-Mercadorias	349	106	1 901	1 131	327
832490	Outros condutores de veiculos pesados de mercadorias	0	0	0	0	2
833405	Conductor de empilhador	34	24	389	299	51
915105	Distribuidor	33	34	2 266	45	86
932205	Emprego de serviços de pesagem (Pesador)	5	6	7	3	9
932210	Embalador (enfardador) manual	122	232	655	60	999
933310	Trabalhador de terra ou cais (carregador, descarregador)	0	0	2	13	3
933315	Operador de rampa	0	0	0	1 441	0
933320	Manobrador de carro pesador	0	0	2	1	0
933325	Carregador	3	5	2 351	2 369	81
933330	Encarregado- Estiva	0	0	0	33	0
933390	Outros carregadores e descarregadores de mercadorias	906	1 327	11 398	9 891	1
	TOTAL 1997	1 812	2 654	22 796	19 782	2 449

CAE CNP-94		1999
		DH	DL	G52	I-60/63
122610	Director de transportes	0	0	1	411
122615	Director de entreposto	0	0	6	2
123505	Director de compras	1	10	6	4
123590	Outros directores de compras e distribuiçao	0	0	1	1
131605	Director e gerente de transportes	0	0	2	442
311920	Planificador	1	34	22	207
341605	Chefe de compras	4	12	112	6
341610	Comprador	1	14	44	6
413110	Economo	4	0	2	24
413115	Fiel de armazém	151	560	2 150	1 276
413120	Encarregado de Armazém	95	37	472	199
413190	Outros empregados de aprovisionamento e armazém	10	6	98	9
413210	Apontador	5	94	9	59
413305	Chefe de movimiento-Transportes rodoviarios	0	3	2	311
413345	Conferente maritimo	0	1	0	74
832210	Motorista de automoveis ligeiros-Mercadorias	109	30	1 447	210
832405	Motorista de veiculos pesados-Mercadorias	263	90	1 887	21 461
832490	Outros condutores de veiculos pesados de mercadorias	1	1	71	9
833405	Conductor de empilhador	31	11	78	536
915105	Distribuidor	29	40	2 565	92
932205	Emprego de serviços de pesagem (Pesador)	5	2	31	1
932210	Embalador (enfardador) manual	193	175	678	75
933310	Trabalhador de terra ou cais (carregador, descarregador)	1	1	2	60
933315	Operador de rampa	0	0	0	1 408
933320	Manobrador de carro pesador	2	0	4	4
933325	Carregador	0	10	3 326	2 788
933330	Encarregado - Estiva	0	0	0	36
933390	Outros carregadores e descarregadores de mercadorias	0	0	21	186
	TOTAL 1999	991	1 610	13 302	31 745

3.2 Sectorial studies
3.2.1 The trade sector
The Grupo de Estudos Cidade e Comércio, Universidade de Lisboa (GECIC, Group of studies on city and trade; University of Lisbon) and the Trade Observatory published a report on employment and employability in the trade sector (GECIC & Observatorio do Comércio : "Emprego e empregabilidade no comércio, Relatorio final"; Junho 2000; p172).

Table 4. Unemployed population whose last activity was in the trade sector per their last job (1992-1998)
	Total	Directors & Intermediate Technicians (%)	Administrative employees & similar (%)	Sellers (%)	Operators & drivers of machines (%)	Unskilled workers (%)
1998
Automobile trade	5 100		29.41	21.57	39.22
Wholesale trade	5 700	22.81	35.09	10.53	17.54
Retail trade	21 400	2.34	23.83	58.41	7.01	6.01
Total	32 300	5.57	26.32	43.96	14.24	7.12
1995
Automobile trade	7 300	4.11	27.40	16.44	38.36	13.70
Wholesale trade	10 900	15.60	28.44	15.60	24.77	15.60
Retail trade	31 500	10.79	14.92	58.41	8.25	7.62
Total	49 700	10.87	19.92	42.66	16.10	10.46
1992
Trade for automobile	5 000		30.00	14.00	48.00	4.00
Wholesale trade	5 300		33.96	30.19	1.89	22.64
Retail trade	15 600		14.10	58.97	10.26	6.41
Total	25 900	4.63	21.62	44.40	15.83	9.27

In general, the areas in which there is the highest degree of unemployment concern unskilled workers in trade and services and people in sales/demonstrators. Forklift drivers, however, are most concerned by unemployment in the automobile trade sector and also, since 1995, in the wholesale trade sector

3.2.2 The trade sector
The automotive sector is so important in Portugal that it was on their initiative that the INAUTO project (http://inauto.ceiia.com) was launched. It is an integrated, strategic and structuring project for the development of the car industry in Portugal. It is supported by the Portuguese Government and the industrial sector, technological centres and universities. It promotes a joint intervention in the industry linked to company strategies and public policies.

In the INAUTO project, there is one sub-project, K-H Plus ("Diagnostico e prospectiva de necessidades e oferta de formacao para a industria automovel nacional"). This project is centred on training with an analysis of the provision of training and training requirements in the automotive sector.

The main goals are:

• Establishment of an information and knowledge database about the training needs of companies and the provision capabilities of training institutions. The framework for this being the major evolving trends of the industry at national and global levels.
• Proposals for recommendations that might lead to an adjustment of the provision of training so that it meets demand both within the context of public policies and business strategies.

This study led to a certain number of results regarding training, the recruitment difficulties encountered by companies, professional skills, particularly in the area of logistics activities which, along with other types of activity (production, products/engineering, marketing, quality, maintenance) is a fully recognised activity in the automotive sector.

Training
The automotive sector wished to know the exact situation of the training supply and demand matrix. The development of human resources is very important for this sector because, at present, only 6.8% of the workers have a diploma or a qualification which is equivalent to a bachelor's degree. In the area of logistics, only 12.2% of the employees have a bachelor's degree, nearly 85% of the workers have had less than 12 years of schooling.

As an activity, logistics makes the second highest use of training (the leading activity from this point of view is that related directly to the product) according to the number of training hours per worker (27.4 hours). Nevertheless, logistics provides only a small amount of jobs (approximately 2% of the jobs in the automotive sector). (see Annex 2a).

Recruitment difficulties
The main recruiting difficulty is linked to the lack of supply on the labour market in the areas of logistics, production and quality.

Table 6. Reasons for recruiting difficulties per domain
Activities	Salary requirements	Problems with skills	Lack of supply	Reduction of mobility	Other	Total
Production	10%	29%	49%	2%	10%	100%
Product/Engineering	20%	33%	40%	7%	0%	100%
>Marketing	20%	47%	27%	0%	7%	100%
Maintenance	19%	35%	38%	4%	4%	100%
Logistics	6%	31%	50%	0%	13%	100%
>Quality	8%	33%	46%	0%	13%	100%
Other	0%	0%	0%	100%	0%	100%
Total	13%	32%	41%	7%	7%	100%

Professional skills The study also highlights the gap that exists between the skills considered to be necessary by companies in order to work in logistics and the skills which the workers really have. This gap is quantified for a determined amount of knowledge and know-how (see Annex 2b).

For logistics, the companies analysed in the study explained that they have significant requirements: 63% for the level of stocks management knowledge and new e-business technologies in the interaction with suppliers; 61% for tools in warehouse management; 59% for planning tools and knowledge of the structure of industry and of the supply chain; and finally 54% for MRP (Material Requirements Planning) tools.

But some companies confirmed that they do find these skills available on the market; 15% of the companies said that such skills exist or can be adapted in order to fill needs, in the areas of new e-business technologies in the interaction with suppliers, product traceability tools and operational research, the knowledge of the structure of industry and of the supply chain and finally in inventory tools and planning tools.

The adaptation of the Portuguese classification of professions to the European standards has made it possible to clearly identify logistics jobs that are also accompanied by statistical data. The data on these jobs may be cross-checked with the nomenclature of the sector of economic activity found in CAE Rev.2 and provide a good picture of the distribution of logistics jobs.

The sectoral studies which have covered logistics do not allow us to quantify the number of logistics jobs, however, they do highlight the lack of logistics skills and qualifications on the Portuguese labour market, which in turn indicates that there is a strong requirement for training.

Several institutions work on the links that exist between the classification of jobs and training, as well as the identification of jobs in collective agreements which include the classification of jobs.

The main providers of job descriptions are:

• The trade unions and employers' representative bodies through their collective bargaining agreements in the transport and logistics sector:
  • Collective agreements of ANTRAM-FESTRU (Convençao colectivo ANTRAM-FESTRU)
  • Collective agreement of Associação Dos Transitarios de Portugal, o Sind. Dos Trabalhadores da Marinha Mercante, Agências de Viagens, Transitarios e Pesca e a FETESE of the forwarding agents (Convençao Colectivo de Trabalho-transitarios, 1999).
• A training institute:
  • INOFOR (Instituto para a Inovaçao na Fomaçao) studies the different economicl sectors in which jobs are present, along with the knowledge, skills and qualifications required for the function.
• A public body:
  • IEFP (Instituto do Emprego e Formaçao Profissional), a public body under the authority of the Ministry for economic and labour activities, which is responsible for the implementation of the employment and vocational training policies which have been decided upon and approved by the Portuguese government (http://portal.iefp.pt/). It is also the co-author of the National Classification of Jobs, version 1994 (CNP-94, Classificaçao Nacional das Profissoes, versao 1994), and of a system of reference for training in trade, logistics and warehousing activities ("Referential de formaçao : comercio logistica e armazenagem").
• Companies:
  • Auchan and Sodilog were interviewed as part of the Novalog project.

2.1 Collective agreement ANTRAM-FESTRU
The collective agreement between the National Association of the public transport of goods by road (ANTRAM, Associaçao Nacional dos Transportes Publicos Rodoviarios de Mercadorias) and the Federation of Unions of Road Transport (FESTRU, Federaçao dos Sindicatos de Transportes Rodoviarios e Outros) covers the transportation of goods by road and contains definitions of both jobs and training courses.

The collective agreement is limited to the transport of goods by road, even though the ANTRAM wished to widen the collective agreement to include logistics activities. This type of activity is developing quickly within companies in Portugal and this means that it is necessary to adapt the profiles of logistics jobs within the transport collective agreement, so as to meet with the companies' requirements. In fact, this agreement only takes into account a limited number of logistics jobs.
In this transport agreement, jobs are classified according to the levels mentioned here:

Table 6. Structure of the levels for logistics jobs
Qualified levels	Job title
1 Quadros superiors	Chefe de departamento
3 Encarregados, contra-mestres, mestres e chefes de equipa	Encarregados de cargas e descargas
5 Profissionais qualificados 5.1 Produçao 5.4 Outros	Manobrador de maquinas Fiel de armazém Motorista de tractores, empilhadores e gruas
6 Profissionais semi-qualificados (especializados) 6.1 Administrativos, comércio e outros	Conferente de mercadorias Chefe de grupo
7 Profissionais nao qualificados (indiferenciados) 7.1 Administrativos, comercio e outros	Carregador Servente

They are also classified according to wage levels. Logistics job descriptions are defined in terms of tasks and wages.

Chefe de departamento (Department head ) This is a worker who studies, organizes, manages and coordinates, under the orders of his hierarchical superiors, one or several departments of the company in activities which are his own: within the department he manages he will carry out managerial tasks, provide guidance and supervision to the people that work under him, plan departmental activities according to the guidelines provided to him.

Encarregado de cargas e descargas (Leader of team of handlers)
Worker who manages loading and unloading workers in companies, warehouses and other places.

Manobrador de maquinas (Forklift driver)
Worker who has a professional driving licence. His job includes moving goods or using machines: driver of forklift truck, tractor, mobile bridge or crane.

Motorista de tractores, empilhadores e gruas (Forklift driver)
Worker who, in his position, can drive and manoeuvre machines or vehicles which are used for the transport of various items of stocks.

Fiel de armazém (Stock controller )
Worker who records materials inbounds and outbounds, tools and products and controls stocks.

Chefe de grupo (Team leader for handlers)
Worker who is in charge of a group of workers in loading and unloading services.

Conferente de mercadoria (Recorder of goods)
Worker who, under the orders of the materials manager assistant, undertakes operations relative to the goods inbounds and outbounds.

Carregador (Handler)
Worker whocarries out loading and unloading related to the transport services.

Servente (Handler)
Worker who loads and unloads goods from vehicles of public services and performs similar tasks within the dispatch areas.

2.2 Collective agreement for forwarding agents
In this collective agreement for forwarding agents (Convençao Colectivo de Trabalho- transitarios, Ediçao de novembro 1999), there is a section which deals exclusively with warehouse workers. Workers are classified into different professional categories which refer to wages and jobs:

Encarregado de armazém	Group C
Fiel de armazém	Group E
Conferente de armazém	Group F
Operador de maquinas	Group G
Servente	Group G
Embalador	Group G

Some more new job descriptions may be useful for this agreement:

Encarregado de armazém (Warehouse manager)
The worker who manages workers and all the activities within a warehouse, he is responsible for its smooth running.

Fiel de armazém (Stock controller)
The worker who supervises several operations concerning goods and/or equipment inbounds and outbounds; he follows the respective documents; he is responsible for the storage of goods and equipment; he ensures that the goods received correspond to their notes, receipts or other documents; he guides and controls the distribution of goods within the company or to the customers. He draws up the inventory, he collaborates with his hierarchical superior in the organization of equipment within the warehouse.

Conferente de armazém (Warehouse controller)
The worker who checks, controls and records goods inbounds and outbounds.

Operador de maquinas (Operator for special machines (driver))
The worker whose activity is to manoeuvre, manipulate and use machines. His job titles is named according to the machine he drives such as, for example, a forklift driver, a crane.

Embalador (Packer)
The worker who packs goods or materials into cardboard boxes or other packagings or containers for their transport; he folds, stacks or prepares containers according to their size.

"Randstad", a temporary work agency, mainly recruits workers for warehouse jobs. As far as they are concerned, the same person may apply for a single job which includes three jobs: forklift driver, handler and picker/packer. They do not have job descriptions but do have some general job descriptions for assistance functions. As is the case for the warehouse functions, these three functions are usually a one-man job.

For these functions, Randstad explained the companies' needs in terms of the assistance functions, the skills, experience and level of education required. They are as follows:

• A minimum of 12 years of schooling. It is preferable that the candidate has a baccalaureate in management, logistics or transport
• 2-3 years of experience in the area
• Computer skills
• Aged between 25-35. It is very difficult to place a candidate aged over 35 because he is considered to be too old
• Languages: English   Spanish if possible
• Leadership skills to manage and coordinate a team
• Speaking/communication skills
• Dynamic (enthusiastic) and with a high sense of responsibility.

4.1 INOFOR and its sectorial studies
INOFOR, i.e. the Institute for Innovation in Training, is a entity of the Ministry of Education. Its objective is to improve the quality and efficiency of training. INOFOR publishes several sectorial studies. These publications contain a summarised version of the Study Report on a specific sector and a set of occupational profile datasheets relating to that sector.

The areas covered in each study include:

• Socio-economic overview of the sector
• Sectoral forecast and analysis
• Analysis of job trends
• Identification of skills required
• Survey and analysis of sector-specific training by sector
• Identification of training needs
• Indicators of need to adjust vocational training
• Identification of other strategies to address skills requirements.

4.1.1 Trade and distribution sector : INOFOR "Comércio e distribuiçao em Portugal ; separata"
In this study, logistics jobs are defined in the system of reference (see Annex 3)

The jobs are described very accurately in terms of:

• Mission of the job
• Work organisation
• Task and activities
• Skills and knowledge
• Training
• Other names for the job title

Responsavel de logistica (Logistics supervisor)
He plans and organizes flows and physical distribution of products, optimizing stocks, resources, spaces and times, in order to guarantee service quality. Other names for this function: Director/a de Logistica; Director/a de Serviços de Logistica; Coordenador/a Responsavel pelo Aprovisionamento e Planificaçao.

Director/a de Operaçoes (Operation supervisor)
He defines and elaborates a commercial policy for expansion, at both national and international levels; a commercial policy at the level of the store with a view to the optimization of financial results, sales and the satisfaction and development of customer loyalty.

Director/a de Compras (Purchasing supervisor)
He defines and coordinates the purchasing policy of a company, promoting the acquisition of all the necessary articles for the development of the activity according to established budgets, guaranteeing the regularity of supply and the optimization of purchases. Other names used for this job: Director/a Geral de Compras; Chefe de Compras; Chefe de Grupo de Compras.

Comprador (Purchaser)
He develops a purchasing policy linked to determined categories of products, according to previous budgets, guaranteeing the regularity of supply and the results relative to the invested quantities. Other names used for this function: Chefe de produto; Gestor/a de Produto; Responsavel de Compras; Técnico/a de Compras; Chefe de Comprador; Comprador/a Central.

Chefe de Armazém (Warehouse manager)
He controls the receipt of goods, guarantees their identification, place and packaging in the warehouse. He looks at the optimization of space, distribution of goods and guaranteeing conditions of health and safety. Other names used for this function: Gestor/a de armazém; Encarregado/a de armazém; Encarregado/a geral Ajudante do/a encarregado/a.

Operador de Armazém (Warehouse technician) He receives, codifies, arranges goods and controls their movement in the warehouse in order to optimize the space and distribution of the guaranteed goods. He ensures that health and safety regulations are respected. Other names for this function: Fiel de Armazém; Adjunto/a do/a Encarregado/a de Armazém; Ajudante do/a Encarregado/a de Armazém.

INOFOR "Comércio e distribuiçao em Portugal, 2001"
In another booklet written by INOFOR, concerning the trade and distribution sector, logistics jobs are very precisely studied in terms of the required skills (see Annex 4):

• Responsavel de logistica
• Technico de logistica
• Director de compras
• Comprador
• Chefe de armazén
• Fiel de armazén

4.1.2 Rail transport sector : INOFOR "O sector dos transportes em Portugal, ferraviario ; separata", June 2000

One logistics job defined in this project may be of interest to our study, namely the "Gestor/a de contratos de Manutençao". (see Annex 5) A great deal of information is provided regarding this function in terms of:
1. Job mission
2. Work organisation
3. Task and activities
4. Skills and knowledge
5. Training
6. Other names for the job title

Gestor/a de contratos de Manutençao (Handling contracts manager)
He ensures handling of circulating equipment/fleet as established in the contracts with the companies or handling services and checks the fulfillment of the contracts and the quality of the services provided.

4.1.3 Goods and passenger transport sector : INOFOR "O sector dos transportes em Portugal : Rodoviario de Mercadorias e de Passageiros ; separata"

Two logistics jobs can be included (see Annex 6) from this project and information is provided about them in terms of:

• Job mission
• Work organisation
• Task and activities
• Skills and knowledge
• Training
• Other names for the job title

Gestor/a de contratos de manutençao (Handling contracts manager)
He ensures handling of circulating equipment/fleet as established in the contracts with the companies or handling services and checks the fulfillment of the contracts and the quality of the services provided (this is the same definition as the one provided above for rail transport).

Gestor/a de Plataforma (Platform Manager)
He plans and coordinates the assignment of a platform for loading /unloading activities. He is responsible for the selection and recording of goods according to their origin and destination on the platform. Other names for this job: Chefe de Armazém; Coordenador/a de Armazém; Responsavel de Plaforma; Chefe de Armazém de Triagem.

4.2 Training reference schemes by the IEFP-INOFOR
The IEFP, i.e. the Institute of Job and Professional Learning, is an entity of the Ministry of Labour (MTS) which was created in 1979 and is a public body. It is responsible for the implementation of employment and vocational training policies which have been decided upon and approved by the government. Its central service is in Lisbon and it has five Regional Delegations throughout the country which manage 86 Job Centers, 31 Vocational Training, 1 Center for Vocational Re-training and 7 Centers which provide assistance to people who wish to set up their own company.

The IEFP works with the INOFOR on the creation of job reference schemes, particularly in the area of logistics and warehousing activities ("Referential de formaçao: comercio logistica e armazenagem").

This training reference scheme has been designed so as to be able to classify a job according to the type of activity within which this job may be carried out, the type of function it is associated with, and its codification within the CNP-94 classification. Once a job has been identified in this way, it is compared to the professional profiles drawn up by INOFOR and any other name/title it might be known by and is then integrated within a specifc training scheme (see example in Annex 7).

Once the job has been included in this reference scheme, it is described in terms of:

• Training area/qualifications and courses/job title
• Task and activities
• Training requirements

The jobs listed in this reference scheme only concern jobs linked to managerial and technical activities.

Below you will find a list of the logistics jobs covered by this reference system (see Annex 8):

Operador de Armazenagem (Warehouse Operator/Technician)
The warehouse operator is a professional in the area of standards and operational processes, quality standards, health, safety and environmental standards. He carries out activities including the receipt, control, movement, storage and dispatching of goods for the optimization of the warehouse's functioning.

Técnico de Logistica (Logistic Technician)
He is a professional who carries out various activities which are comprised of logistic operations of inventory, storage of goods and transport equipment, optimizing flows and physical distribution of products in order to guarantee service quality to the customer, based on the appropriate procedures and techniques, respecting health, safety and environmental standards.

Supervisor de Logistica (Logistic supervisor)
He is a a professional who, on the basis of the appropriate procedures and techniques, health, safety and environmental standards, manages and executes operational control of different activities which are part of logistics operations, promoting their improvement with the aim of reaching the highest levels of service. He organizes and controls teams of workers and the collection of information required to forecast and plan logistics activities. He manages and controls internal activities and their cost, the relationships with the different providers of logistic services, information and its dissemination and the technologies required for logistics operations.

The car industry did not take part in the survey on vocational training carried out by IEFP on logistic jobs except the profile of Supply and Parts Technician within which there are elements of logistics.

Técnico de Aprovisionamento e Venda de Pecas (Technician for supplying and parts sales) The technician for supplying and parts sales executes, in an autonomous way, planning operations, organization, monitoring of sales, customer relations, dealing with the guarantees, maximizing the volume of parts sales and accessories, promoting customer satisfaction.

4.3 INOFOR: logistics study
INOFOR also publishes a series of studies called "Transversal Area Studies". The purpose of these studies is to analyse transversal domains that cut horizontally across various activity sectors. Each publication provides an overview of one specific domain, identifies trends, and addresses issues relating to jobs and occupational profiles.

Indeed, INOFOR has undertaken a study of this type in the area of logistics called "Estudo do Dominio Profissional Transversal Logistica. Evaluçao das Qualificaçoes e Diagnostico das Necessidades de Formaçao- Relatorio da Etapa 1: Enquadramento Geral do Dominio Profissional", October 2003.

Through this study, which analyses logistics and related activities, it has been possible to identify a significant number of jobs in the area of logistics and production operations:

Carregador (Handler)
He loads, unloads and places goods in wagons, trucks and other locations within the warehousing and transport facilities.

Condutor de empilhador (Forklift driver)
He drives and manipulates a forklift truck in order to transport and place goods in depots, warehouses or other locations.

Agente de métodos (Methods agent)
He analyses and defines work methods and routines in order to guarantee good levels of productivity and to reduce onward costs.

Consultor de logistica (Logistics consultant)
He works with customers in order to improve the logistics performance through strategic planning, processes of re-engineering and/or technological information.

Director de distribuiçao (Distribution director)
He plans, manages and coordinates the company's trade activities; he ensures the optimization of resources and /or the fulfillment of the norms relative to the volume of transactions; he plans and manages the daily activities; he supervises costs; he establishes procedures of work and administrative execution and manages their practical application; he supervises the application of the safety norms at the work place and connected processes.

Director/Gestor de logistica (Logistics Director/ Manager)
He ensures a series of logistics functions including warehousing and distribution of operations, forwarding, planning of logistics systems, customer service and purchasing. He manages logistics people.

Engenheiro logistico (Logistics engineer)
He draws up logistics, technological and infrastructure processes which support the efficient management and the cost/quality of products, from the design of production and distribution schemes to the various phases of the life cycle.

Gestor de cadeia de abastecimento (Manager of the supply chain)
He is responsible for the efficiency of the flow of products from the supplier to the customer. He provides information, analyses recommendations in the various operations which are integrated in the supply chain.

Gestor de contolo de inventario/stocks (Stocks controller)
He develops and establishes plans in order to optimize inventory costs and customer service, either in the manufacturing site, in a distribution center or in a store. He is responsible for forwarding, he analyses the movement of goods and their development.

Gestor de operaçoes/produçao (Operations/production manager)
He plans, manages and coordinates workers from one or several services (operations/production) of an industrial manufacturer or of services under the authority of a General Director. He determines working methods according to a plan and pre-defined guidelines; he evaluates fabrication requirements; he studies improvements to be made to the work processes; he ensures quality of the products and promotes their improvement.

Técnico da produçao (Production technician)
He plans and controls the work carried out in each production unit in the company, establishing time schedules and allocating human resources, equipment and the means to supervise the fabrication process, changing it when needed, and respecting methods and processes. He is responsible for the achievement of production within the stated time schedule.

Técnico e logistica (Logistics technician)
He is responsible for flow management (reception; storage; orders preparation; packing, packaging; dispatching; transport activities), stock management (supplying, stocks; stock analysis; stock costs and improvements; method of stock management; trends of stock management) and products of the logistics chain (product regulations and classification). He ensures management of resources within the depots and warehouses.

Técnico de planeamento (Planning technician)
He plans and elaborates technical conditions for production according to implementation standards (he controls quantities and qualities of raw materials and finished goods in the warehouse; he analyses production plans from the point of view of various elements of the project such as the budgets, he monitors the adherence to contractual obligations in order to complete the customer's order) and the time schedule for incoming goods.

Técnico de planeamento logistico (Technician of logistics planning)
He plans logistics flows in the distribution network, using tools such as DRP or a system of transport management, and coordinates the distribution activities such as the preparation of orders in the warehouse.

The only jobs that have been described from this point of view are those which were described during the interviews carried out with the two Portuguese companies:

5.1 Auchan
Auchan has been in Portugal since 1996 and they have several warehouses. They have the following logistics jobs witin their company:

Logistics analyst:

• Checks operations from receipt to shipping
• Finds "missing goods" and tries to resolve the situation in the best way possible
• Supervises the controller's work
• Analyses costs of supply chain
• In charge of invoicing with the assistant of the logistics controller
• Helps the warehouse manager in activities such as receipt and shipping
• Deals with supply issues when problems arise (orders, references.). He has to put this information into the computer system

Logistics controller:

• To check the whole supply chain from when goods arrive in the warehouse through to their placement in the store
• To identify areas in order to develop and optimise the supply chain
• To analyse costs of the whole operation (logistics, transport.)
• Responsible for the lay-out of the warehouse
• To analyse and check differences between objectives and real costs
• Responsible for the maintenance of the warehouse
• Controls all the activities in the warehouse (reception/shipping/storage/audit)
• Controls differences between goods which are shipped to stores and the goods received in the stores
• Daily inventory (except some specific goods with specific "validation date")

Logistics operations planner:

• Plans work for unloading and shipping according to the volume quantities
• Plans number of people and machines (forklift) required
• Organizes shipping of goods (from the warehouse)
• Manages approximately 60 people in shipping and about 60 in goods inbound. In total, he is responsible for around 100 people

Forklift driver:

• Stocks pallets in racks
• Brings goods to collection points ("appro picking")
• Preparation of homogeneous pallets
• Take goods directly from racks and put them on the docks
• Stock pallets that were in goods inbound area
• Tracking of goods with the tracking device ("gun") from receipt through to shipping

Handler:

• Places pallets into containers
• Covers pallets with plastic film
• Checks the pallets: this is a specific procedure. The employee has to open one package of goods to obtain a single reference code.

Picker:

• Prepares heterogonous pallets
• Tracks goods with the tracking device ("gun") from receipt through to shipping

5.2 SODILOG
SODILOG (Sociedade de Distribuiçao e Logistica) was created in 1992 in Vialonga (20 km from Lisbon), and its main activity is distribution and logistics for Pharmaceutical Products.

The jobs which have been defined are as follows:
Logistics controller:

• He sets goals and follows their correct achievement. Should problems arise, he has to manage the necessary corrections to make the activity more efficient
• He controls the supply chain: he tracks goods to see if the service corresponds to the customers requirements
• Customer monitoring: every three months, he sends customers a satisfaction questionnaire. This survey is very important in order to evaluate the performance of the group. Every month, a meeting with all the customers is planned to discuss problems and issues. The group can see what they have to change, in terms of recruitment and training of employees. These meetings are very important for customer relations, especially during the first year, so as to get to know each other and to establish a relationship based on mutual trust
• He has to make changes according to the way things have been planned: for instance, when the activity increases, he has to manage changes in the warehouse such as the location of customers' goods

Logistics analyst:

• He analyses statistical information from his computer system. He checks feed-back from customers (this is particularly important for invoicing)

Logistics operations planner:

• He manages planning, especially when there are big investments and changes in the warehouse
• He manages the daily activity of ten employees in the warehouse

Multi-skilled worker:

• Specific internal rules of the company
• Preparation and validation of orders
• Preparation of inventory
• Validation of orders
• Preparation of fax (specific task) for the islands
• Procedure to put out orders after preparing pallets
• Procedure to order shipping documents
• Managing order changes
• Working with radio frequency devices
• Procedure to receive goods
• Procedure to check orders and to put goods inside boxes
• Procedure (specific presentation, and only some of the employees from the warehouse are allowed to do that) to answer external phone calls
• Reception of return documents
• Input of information in the IT system

Logistics jobs in Portugal are classified above all for the purposes of vocational training, thanks largely to the work carried out by the INOFOR. There has been an increase in the demand for logistics jobs and the jobs themselves require a greater amount of special knowledge. This in turn means that there is a greater demand for workers who are prepared to become apprentices or to go on trainng or re-training courses in this area. There are now structures and systems in place which facilitate life-long learning. Trade unions are also involved in the preparation of job descriptions and the efforts designed to improve training.

The different bodies of the Labour Ministry have reiterated their desire to improve training as a response to the changes on the job market and they wish to provide the right training tools to respond to these new requirements. Whilst it is the State's responsibility to define the main lines of its vocational training policy, this policy will only be a success if all of the social and economic actors are involved in it.

The main challenge for Portugal lies in its ability to adapt to new models of jobs and to new professional profiles, and the ability of its future and current workers to learn new skills. Swift changes to programs, contents and methods of vocational training, as well as changes within secondary and higher education, would be most welcome.