new competencies and
innovations in logistics

In Spain, the potential providers of employment data are :

• The National Institute of Statistics (Instituto Nacional de Estadistica-INE). The INE is an autonomous administrative body with a its own legal personality. It works under the aegis of the Ministry of for Economic Affairs and the Secretary of State for Economic Affairs (http://www.ine.es/).
• The National Institute for Employment (Instituto Nacional de Empleo-INEM) which is part of the Spanish Ministry for Employment (http://www.inem.es/). INEM carries out annual surveys of its management of employment issues. This includes an overview of the labour market so as to identify which jobs are most in demand on the labour market at a national level.

2.1 The national classification system
The Decree 917/1994 of 6 May (BOE of 27 May 1994), accepted the National Classification of Jobs, (CNO-INEM 94: Clasificacion Nacional de Ocupaciones 1994), which was devised by the Institute of National Statistics (INE) and agreed by the INEM. The CNO 94 was implemented on the 1st January 1995.

The CNO-94 lies within the ISCO-88.COM conceptual framework and therefore also the SICO-88 framework. The classification criteria used are the type of work carried out and the level of qualification required to carry out a given job. In this classification, qualification is understood as the capacity to carry out the tasks inherent to a determined job. Two points of view are taken into account: the level and the specialization of the given qualification.

The CNO-94 is sub-divided into more categories than the ISCO 88.COM. It introduces an intermediate level between the first and second levels, which softens the structure and which should be understood as an alternative to the Large Groups.

Table 1. Hierarchical structure with five group levels
Number	Figures	Numerical identification
Large groups	9	1 numerical digit
Main under-groups	62	2 numerical digit
Under-groups	188	3 numerical digit
Primary groups	438	4 numerical digit
Jobs	3537	8 numerical digit

The large groups are:

1. Management of companies and public administration
2. Technicians and professionals, scientists and intellectuals
3. Technicians and support professionals
4. Administrative staff
5. Workers in the catering sector, personnel, security services and sales
6. Skilled workers in agriculture and in fishing
7. Craftsmen and skilled workers in industrial companies, building, mining, with the exception of installation and machine operators
8. Installation and machine operators and fitters
9. Unskilled workers

2.2 Jobs in the logistics and transport sector as defined in the classification system

Table 2. 1994 Classification for jobs in the logistics and transport sector (continued)
Code	Job titles
11100122	Director general de empresa de transporte, almacenamiento y comunicaciones, de 10 o más asalariados
11260017	Director de departamento de operaciones en empresa de transporte, en general
11260053	Director de departamento de operaciones en empresa de transporte de mercancías por carretera
11260101	Director de departamento de operaciones en empresa de almacenamiento
11260204	Jefe de tráfico en empresas de transporte por carretera
11260222	Jefe de tráfico -carga- en empresas de transporte de mercancías
11350013	Director de departamento de abastecimiento, en general
11350031	Director de departamento de almacenamiento
11350059	Director de departamento de distribución, en general
11350068	Director de departamento de control de existencias
11350077	Director de departamento de transportes de la empresa
14040012	Gerente de empresa de transporte, con menos de 10 asalariados
14040021	Gerente de empresa de almacenamiento, con menos de 10 asalariados
17040011	Transportista
20590073	Ingeniero de logística
26400020	Ingeniero técnico planificador de tráfico
26590071	Ingeniero técnico de logística
26590277	Ingeniero técnico de logística de transporte
30290020	Técnico en planificación y control de la producción (en ciencias físicas, químicas e ingenierías)
33160021	Técnico en gestión de almacén
33160030	Técnico en gestión de stocks
40210014	Empleado administrativo de los servicios de almacenamiento y recepción
40210025	Empleado administrativo de registro de existencias y de aprovisionamiento
40210070	Almacenero de empresa de transportes
40230012	Empleado administrativo de los servicios de transporte, en general
40230021	Epleado administrativo del servicio de transporte por carretera
40230052	Jefe de estación (transporte por carretera)
40230074	Agente de transportes, en general
40230085	Agente de mudanzas en empresa de transporte
40230106	Transitario
40230115	Factor de empresa de transporte
85420139	Conductor-operador de aparatos elevadores, en general
85420223	Estibador
85430011	Conductor-operador de carretilla elevadora, en general
85430039	Operador de manipulación y desplazamiento de cargas (transporte marítimo)
97000141	Embalador-empaquetador-etiquetador, a mano
98000014	Peón del transporte, en general
98000023	Mozo de carga y descarga, transporte ferroviario y por carretera
98000050	Mozo de carga y descarga, almacén
98000078	Mozo de mudanzas

2.3 Statistics regarding jobs in the transport and logistics sector
In its survey on the active population, the INE quantifies jobs per group of functions. The following table shows the results for logistics jobs from 1995 to 2001. It was impossible to ascertain the employment rate by function. It was only possible at a 3-digit level for the CNO-INEM 94.
The data provided by the the INE have been aggregated to such a level that it is not possible to use them in order to determine the percentage of the active population employed in the logistics sector. In fact, we are only in a position to quantify four employment groups which are likely to include jobs in the logistics sector, and most of these are in the transport sector. The groups which have been identified are as follows :
402: Empleados de registro de materiales, de servicios de apoyo a la produccion y al transporte (Employees involved in the registration of goods, support services for production and transport)
854: Operadores de otras maquinas moviles (Operators for other mobile machines)
863: Conductores de camions (Truck drivers)
980: Peones del transporte y descargadores (Unskilled worker involved in transport and unloading activities)

Table 3. Active population per group of transport and logistics jobs (in thousands)
	Groups of function	Active people	Salaried people	Unemployed people
Yearly average 1995	402	90.26	76.18	14.08
	854	105.89	90.65	15.24
	863	316.32	282.56	33.76
	980	162.19	115.85	46.34
Yearly average 1996	402	100.87	88.38	12.49
	854	95.05	81.06	13.99
	863	313.41	283.39	30.01
	980	184.82	131.00	53.82
Yearly average 1997	402	115.26	104.68	10.59
	854	92.44	80.91	11.53
	863	323.07	294.34	28.74
	980	203.51	145.85	57.66
Yearly average 1998	402	103.65	94.45	9.20
	854	95.15	86.95	8.21
	863	331.63	309.85	21.78
	980	203.37	154.97	48.39
Yearly average 1999	402	102.42	95.04	7.38
	854	99.12	92.63	6.48
	863	341.23	326.55	14.68
	980	207.12	168.22	38.90
Yearly average 2000	402	121.19	113.84	7.35
	854	122.53	117.64	4.89
	863	346.07	333.97	12.10
	980	219.29	176.78	42.51
Yearly average 2001	402	128.12	120.46	7.67
	854	133.77	125.38	8.39
	863	342.07	331.21	10.85
	980	215.83	182.92	32.91

2.4 Statistics regarding supply and demand on the labour market
The National Institute for Employment (INEM) undetakes an annual survey on its management of employment. As part of this survey, an overview of the labour market is carried out so as to identify the jobs which are most in demand at a national level.

In the logistics sector, only one job is covered, that of handler.

Table 4. Logistics job from a supply perspective
Logistics job	N° of offers	Offered jobs	Covered jobs	Jobs not covered
Handler (Mozo de carga y descarga, almacén)	16 040	88 385	75 082	12 080

Table 5. Logistics job from a demand perspective
Job	Job seekers	Unemployed people	No unemployed people	With job before	Without job before
Handler (Mozo de carga y descarga, almacén)	21 843	12 222	9 621	18 844	2 999

Job adverts in newspapers cover the same jobs in the logistics sector.

The CNAE 93 (Clasificacion Nacional de Actividades Economicas) is a classification of economic activities according to the conditions set out in the rules of the NACE Rev.

The objective of this classification is to establish a hierarchy of economic activities which can be used to promote the establishment of national statistics which may be different in terms of their conformity with established activities, and to classify statistical units and entities according to the economic activity within which they take place.

On the basis of the active population survey carried out by the INE, it is possible to obtain statistics regarding the active population (both employed and unemployed) per sector of activity, but it is not possible to ascertain the employment rate between each function group and each economic sector.

According to the study "La logística en España, estuduo de situatión 2001" carried out by the Spanish Logistics Centre (Centro Espanol de Logistica), 50 new automatic warehouses with pallets and light cargo systems were registered in 2001. In the six first months of 2001, there were 14 433 manual fork-lift trucks sold, 22% less than in 2000. The Spanish stock of automatic warehouses is now formed by 100 light cargo installations, with 174 operational elevator trucks, 307 palletised warehouses and a total of 804 machines in function. These data indicate that logitistics activities are slowly assuming greater importance within companies.

The companies which produce and export in Spain sub-contract some services which are not linked directly with their main activity. This means that they prefer to sub-contract the functions they consider to be of a secondary level. This trend, which is evident throughout the rest of Europe, is now beginning to gain ground in Spain.

The data extracted from a survey caried out for the review Transporte XXI, quite clearly illustrates this phenomenon:

• 90% of sub-contracting is linked to transport activities
• External logistics represents an amount: 1,503 million euro
• The level of sub-contracting of logistics services increased in 2001 according to the 50 main companies in the sector.

The companies focus more on their production activities and sub-contract tasks which are not part of their core activities:

• 98.25% of the companies sub-contracted all or one of their logistics activities in 2001, compared to 97,83% in 2000
• 94.74% have their own logistics services
• 82.76% sub-contract actvities out to two or more operators, 17,24% sub-contract out to only one operator
• 8.77% of the companies sub-contract all of these services, 91.23% only subcontract some of them.

The large Spanish companies also make use of sub-contracting, primarily in the transport sector, but also for:

• Warehousing: 63.13%, with an increase of 9.38% from 2000
• Picking: 32% as in 2000
• Management and stock control : 21.05%.

What is remarkable is that logistics now appear as a source of employment and there has been an increase in jobs in this area within companies. Although jobs in the logistics sector appear very clearly in the CNO-INEM 94, it is not possible to obtain statistics regarding these jobs because of the way in which the information available has been aggregated. Logistics jobs appear very precisely but it is impossible to have the statistics relative to them because the available information is too aggregated.

The only possibility for quantifying jobs is at a general level (3-digit level with the National Classification of Jobs CNO-INEM 94). Whilst it is possible to determine the total number of jobs per sector of activity, using the National Classification of Economic Activities CNAE-93, it is not possible to make a distinction between the number of logistics jobs in each sector.

The national situation in Spain is always characterized by its regional specificities. In fact, trade unions or specific foundations working on logistics issues always emphasise regional influences when they define jobs.

The main providers of job descriptions are :

• Trade unions and employer organisations which sign collective bargaining agreements in the transport and logistics sector: the UGT, i.e. Union General of Trabajadores (General Union of Workers), the FIA, i.e. Federacion de Industrias Afines (Federation of Related Industries)
• A public body : INEM, Instituto Nacional de Empleo (National institute of employment). This is a public body linked to the Employment Ministry. Its tasks include the management of supply and demand on the labour market and of unemployment benefit, the provision of career advice and guidance and the funding and organisation of vocational training.
• Training bodies:
  • ICIL, Fundacion del instituto para el desarollo e investigacion logistica (Foundation of the institute for development and research in logistics)
  • FOREM, Miguel Escalera Foundation for Training and Employment. This is a private institution which is represented in all of the autonomous communities in Spain and is supported by the CC.OO, Confederacion Sindical de Comissiones Obreras (Union Confederation of Worker Commissions)
• the Ministry of Education: MEC, Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia
• Companies in the transport and logistics sector.

The Spanish social agreements deal with logistics function profiles. Social agreements are made at the national level first and then they are organized by community.

For example, the UGT, i.e. Union General of Trabajadores (General Union of Workers) signs an agreement with the employers' organisations at both national and regional levels and the contents of both agreements are quite similar.

The UGT is a trade union which has a general view of social problems and represents workers' interests. It is organised at two levels: a professional structure with sectoral federations and a territorial structure which is not organised along sectoral lines.

2.1 Collective agreement in the transport sector
Whilst there are regional agreements in the road transport sector, there is also a General Agreement for road transport companies. It establishes regulations for employment and working time patterns, professional groups and categories, geographical mobility, salary structure, disciplinary regime, conflict resolution, health and safety in the workplace and the joint commission on which both sides of industry are represented.

In the "General agreement for road transport companies" signed in 1997 by UGT, CC-OO i.e. confederacion sindical de comisiones obreras and CETM i.e. Confederacion espanola de transporte de mercancias (Acuerdo general para las empresas de transporte de mercancias por carretera; 1997), employees are divided up into four groups:

1. Senior and technical employees
2. Administrative employees
3. Employees engaged in the movement of goods
4. Employees engaged in auxiliary actvities.

The description given to each group includes the job title, the tasks and main activities. Each job within each group is described as follows:

General transport, warehouse and distribution manager
Receives orders from the supervisor or the branch manager. Is responsible for the work, discipline and safety of the workers. Organizes and manages a service, indicating to the people who work for him the type of work to be done. Must have sufficient knowledge in order to execute correctly the orders relative to his function from the company and for the writing of his work plans and to take care of the equipment at all times.

Team leader of transport warehouse, within a warehouse, distribution, removal and furniture storage company (Encargado de almacen de agencias de transporte, empresas de almacenaje y distribucion y de mudanzas y guardameubles)
This function is dependent on the general manager, manager of the warehouse or warehouses and the people of the warehouse, sending the orders, to receive goods and to distribute them for their warehousing, distribution or sharing. This person is required to record all goods inbound and outbound, to send or deliver, to the offices, the corresponding reports, with indications relative to their consignee, origin, goods inbound and outbound.

Warehouse assistant (auxiliary de almacen-basculero)
Under the orders of the warehouse manager, this person receives the goods, labels them, closes them, puts them in containers or deals with them as instructed. He has to move goods, to locate them properly, to keep the warehouse clean, to watch over goods which are stored and kept in the warehouse.

Assistant / handler (Ayudante y/o mozo especializado)
This person is required to load and unload vehicles, to move and to classify goods. He is required to execute these tasks quickly and safely and to make good use of the available space. He must help the driver giving him the documents relative to the goods, loading or unloading the goods. He must pass on the duly completed documents to his supervisor as soon as possible.

He drives the lifting equipment, cranes and machines used for the loading and unloading of vehicles in the warehouse. Before using these machines, he will have to prepare the execution of such tasks correctly.

He assumes the responsibility and the control of the loading/unloading of vehicles. He will help the driver in ensuring that the vehicle is loaded correctly and that the goods are safe.

2.2 Collective agreement for chemical industry
The general agreement in the chemical industry (XIII convenio general de la industria quimica) signed between the FIA, i.e. Federacion de Industrias Afines (Federation of Related Industries) and the UGT, classifies employees according to six major professional groups which are:

1. Production
2. Maintenance
3. Services
4. Research and laboratories
5. Administration and IT
6. Trade

In each professional group, there is a descripition of:

• A general definition of the group
• The level of training required
• Examples of tasks/activities.

Rather than listing job titles, each group contains examples of tasks/activities which are relevant to the logistics sector in particular :
Group 1:

• Manual operations of loading and unloading or the operation of simple machinery.

Group 2:

• Packaging activities
• Packing operations

Group 3:

• Activities carried out within a warehouse, including the tasks of loading, unloading, stacking and distribution; with or without the intervention of machinery, including the checking of the goods inbound and outbound
• Transportation tasks carried out with machinery.

Group 4:

• Administrative import and export processes
• Warehouse activities: as well as the tasks set out in group 3, this also includes responsibility for the documentation and machinery within a warehouse.

3.1 Sectoral studies carried out by the INEM
The National Institute for Employment (INEM), which was created in 1978, employs 16 000 people, has 52 provincial offices, 600 local agencies, 70 training centres and 70 advice and guidance centres.

The INEM has carried out sectoral studies in many different economic sectors (possible developments, jobs and new technologies). These studies were carried out between 1992 and 1996 by the INEM's Directorate for the Management of Vocational Training.

Their aim is to provide general information concerning the economic sectors, to establish patterns of activity in the planning of vocational training, vocational qualifications and diplomas, with a view to ensuring that the provision of vocational training meets with market demand.

The reports are divided up into four main parts : a presentation of the economic aspects of the sector, a presentation of the work carried out in a given sector, a presentation of training provision, a presentation of the jobs that exist in each sector of activity.
Logistics job descriptions appear in these studies in the transport and food industries.

3.1.1 Study on the food industry ("Estudio de necesidades de formacion profesional sector industrias alimentarias", 1994)
Only the job of "almacenero", i.e. warehouse manager, is defined and its definition changes according to the sector concerned in the food industry. In order to describe this function, they organize the work in steps (See Annex 1):

• Definition of the job
• Work organisation
• Task and activities
• Knowledges
• Training
• Level of responsibility.

Table 6. Almacenero job description in the different food industry sectors
Food industry sectors	Job description
Dairy Oil and fat (see Annex 2)	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the management of the warehouse, goods inbound and outbound and distribution of necessary equipment to the different sections, using appropriate technologies.
Meat Tinned food Miscellaneous foodstuffs (fod for special diets, baby food)	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the receipt of raw materials, their transport to the line; management of the warehouse; packaging and packing and distribution of the various finished products, using appropriate technologies.
Flour	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the management of the warehouse, goods inbound and distribution of necessary equipment to the various sections, using appropriate technologies.
Miscellaneous foodstuffs (soups.)	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the receipt of raw materials, their transport to the line; management of the warehouse; transport and distribution of the various finished products, using appropriate technologies.
Miscellaneous foodstuffs (snack, aperitif) Alcohol and liquors Wine and cider Beer Tobacco Non-alcoholic drinks	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the receipt and export of goods, distribution to the production process and in general, management of the warehouse using appropriate technologies.
Miscellaneous foodstuffs (honey)	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the processing of raw materials to the line; management of the warehouse; transport and incorporation of the distinct products into the manufacturing process.
Catering	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to purchasing and receipt of raw materials; management of the warehouse; distribution and transport of flour orders using appropriate technologies.
Cooked meals Frozen food	Skilled worker who executes tasks relative to the transport of raw materials to the line; management of the warehouse, transport and freezing of the various finished products using appropriate technologies.

3.1.2 Study on the transport sector (Estudio de necessidades de formacions profesionales sectorial del transporte y las communicaciones, 1992)
The jobs identified in this sector are not the subject of INEM's own description. Rather, INEM has drawn up a chart to see to what extent the jobs that it has identified correspond to the same jobs which have already been described within the national classification schemes devised in other countries such as France (ROME, CEREQ, AFPA), Germany (the dual system), the United Kingdom (NVQ), the European Union (Euroqualification) and the U.S.A (DOT).

This study only covers one logistics job: "operador de manipulacion y desplazamiento de cargas", or handler/forklift driver. Below you will find the relevant «Correspondence chart » :

3.1.3 Study on the automobile industry ("Estudio de necesidades de formacion profesional sector automocion" ; 1993)
There is no mention of logistic jobs.

3.1.4 Study on chemical industries sector ("Estudio de necesidades de formacion profesional sector industrias quimicas" ; 1993)
No logistic jobs are defined. In one job "operador de planta quimica", i.e. chemical plant operator, one of the tasks is linked to a logistics job: receipt and warehousing of raw materials.

4.1 The FOREM: Fundacion Formacion y Empleo Miguel Escalera
The FOREM was created in 1991 and its main activity is the management and the development of professional training and guidance activities. Its target group is composed of unemployed people and of people who need to acquire new knowledge. The FOREM designs training and guidance activities so as to provide the tools required to obtain a job.

In this study entitled "Necesidades de formacion de trabajadores/as del sector de transporte de mercancias en plataformas logisticas" which was developed by the CC.OO and carried out by the FOREM in 1996 and financed by the FORCEM (Fundacion para la Formacion Continua , i.e. Foundation for the lifelong learning), some jobs in logistics are defined according to their tasks. The aim was to study the training requirements for workers in the sector in order to adapt the provision of training to these requirements. The methodology used in the study was a survey of workers in the sector and a survey of the companies.

The following jobs were identified by this study:

Forklift driver (Manipulador de carretillas)
Function executed by workers in the warehouse (Handler and warehouse team leader).

Handler (Mozo de almacén)
Goods' handling (loading/unloading, distribution and picking of goods). Packing/unpacking, labelling, sealing goods, weighing. Driving of forklifts and their maintenance.

Warehouse Team leade /Head of operations (Encargado de almacén/ Jefe de operaciones)
Loading and unloading of goods. Participation in the packing/unpacking processes, labelling, distribution, weighing. Quality control. Customer service. Responsibility for human resources and equipment.

Loading assistant (Ayudante de carga)
Loading/unloading of goods. Distribution of goods. Gathering of goods. Driving and maintenance of forklifts.

4.2 National catalogue of vocational qualifications
The National catalogue of vocational qualifications, which was created in accordance with legislation 5/2002 of 19 June 2002, under the jurisdiction of the Ministry for Education, lists jobs in logistics according to sector of activity.

The description of these jobs covers :

• Title of the job
• Tasks and main activities
• Skills required
• Training required.

Warehouse manager (Jefe de almacén) and supply manager (Encargado de aprovisionamiento) in the food industry Management of supply and dispatch activities within the company.

Warehouse manager (Encargado de almacén) and assistant to the logistics manager (Ayudante del jefe de logistica) in the trade and marketing sector
Management of processes within trading logistics
Planning and management of "merchandising" activities in the trading company.

Warehouse manager (Jefe de almacén) for trade and marketing
Administration of transport operations
Organisation and management of warehousing processes, including distribution of goods to customers.

Warehouse manager (Jefe de almacén) and Head of incoming raw materials (Encargado de recepcion de materias primas) in the chemical industry
Supervision of the equipment, installations and the auxiliary operations involved in the various processes.

Warehouse manager for finished goods (Jefe de almacén de productos acabados) in the chemical industry
Supervision of equipment, installations and the auxiliary operations involved in the various processes.

Warehouse manager (Almacenero) and Packer (Envasador) in the food industry
Organisation and control of the receipt, warehousing and dispatch of raw materials, auxiliaries and finished goods in the beverages industry.
Planning and control of the packaging and packing of foodstuffs.

4.3 The INEM
As well as being involved in getting people into employment and providing career advice and guidance, the INEM is also engaged in the development of vocational training though its department which manages the provision of training. Its aim is to update, improve and re-train workers and it strives to achieve this by the following means:

• The preparation and the execution of the Institute's Annual Training plan, which is based on the National Programme of Vocational Training and the Ministry's policies in this area.
• The description and the provision of the pedagogical resources required to develop vocational training
• The establishment and the maintenance of operative processes to develop the various departments within the Institute so that they promote vocational training
• The establishment and updating of plans to evaluate training requirements
• The description of training programmes from a vocational training point of view.

4.3.1 Sectoral studies
INEM's sectoral studies mentioned in point 3.1. also cover logistics jobs from a training point of view.

For example, in the sectoral study on trade ("Estudio de necesidades de formacion profesional sector comercio"; 1993), INEM refers to training for three logistics jobs: Logistics manager (Jefe de logistica), Warehouse manager (Encargado de almacén), Warehouse manager (Almacenero).

Table 7. Trade sector: area of training for logistics jobs
Function	Area of training	Characteristics	Requirement of new skills
			Initial	Improvement
Logistics manager (Jefe de logistica)	Human resources	Selection and management of people Work Planning	3
	Logistics of warehouse	Planning of warehouse, space and networks of distribution.	3
	Trading distribution	Distribution circuits Trading forms	3
	Management of stock	Control of stocks and allocation of space	3
Warehouse manager (Encargado de almacén)	Management of stock	Control of stocks and allocation of space	3	3
	Administrative management	Maintenance of archives; writing; preparation and recording of documents; processing of expenses; correspondence	3	3
	Group leadership	Group dynamics and planning per objectives	3	3
	Packing techniques	Preparation of the product to ensure its safety in the distribution process	3	3
	Handling of warehouse materials	Knowledge and driving of equipment. Maintenance of equipment	3	3
Warehouse manager (Almacenero)	Packing techniques	Preparation of the product to ensure its safety in the distribution process	3	3
	Handling of warehouse materials	Knowledge and driving of equipment. Maintenance of equipment	3	3
New skills requirement: 1. low; 2. fair; 3. high

Another example is to be found in the study "Estudio sectorial del transporte y las communicaciones" (1992). This sectoral study highlights a significant training requirement. This study covers developments in the transport sector (skills and activities) and the clear need for specific training for jobs in the area of logistics.

In its chapters on "The presentation of training » and « The presentation of jobs", the study sets out areas of training per job. In other words, it sets out the groups of technical and conceptual knowledge required to exercise these various professions. The study also states whether the training should be initial training, training designed to enhance and perfect already existing skills, or training to update the workers' knowledge. The report also puts forward proposals regarding the type of training which may be required per job in order to adapt to technological progress and organisational changes, as well as the difficulties encountered in terms of the coverage provided by training (insufficient training, human factors, lack of training centres.).

The logistics jobs listed in the study (although they are not described) are essentially that of the warehouse manager (almacenista), and the forklift driver (conductor de carretilla). See Annex 3.

4.3.2 Report on required training
INEM's Department for the Management of Vocational Training has produced a report "Ocupaciones/Formacion requerida - Objectivo general de la formacion - Itineriario formativo - Duracion de la formacion", which identifies several transport and logistics jobs in three sectors (trade, car industry, transport) and sets out the type of training required to do these jobs.

The description of two of the logistics jobs are defined according to the general objectives, the contents and the duration of the training required :

Warehouse manager for trade sector (Gestor de almacén)
Training in the areas of techniques and attitudes which enable the manager to organize the receipt, warehousing and dispatch of goods; as well as to record these movements, to control stocks and to check and to supervise the correct use and functioning of the warehouse installations.

Handler - Forklift driver for transport sector (Operador de estiba y desestiba en desplazamiento e cargas)
To carry out the operations necessary for the handling and the movement of goods as well as the preparation and maintenance of equipment, using the relevant means/tools and applying the rules and regulations on health and safety at the workplace.

4.4 The ICIL: Fundacion del instituto para el desarollo e investigacion logistica
The ICIL (Foundation of the Institute for development and research in logistics) is a private institution dedicated to research, dissemination and training in logistics.

In reference to the ICIL study "Estudi : Aplicacio real dels nous perfils professionals a la logistica en Catalunya" (2001) only logistics job descriptions are defined. The aim of this study is to validate and to describe the logistics functions present in Catalonia. It describes jobs and professional profiles. It also sets out training requirements in this area. The ICIL carried out its survey amongst logistics professionals. The results indicate the gradual development of logistics within the business world.

The logistics jobs are described and classified according to their relationship to logistics activities such as: overall management, supply and purchasing, production and operations, physical distribution, advice. The jobs are defined according to a task description and also according to training resources required to have access to these jobs.

Forklift driver (Carretillero)
This person works with a forklift truck (mechanical). He is responsible for ensuring that the forklift functions correctly. He respects the safety regulations whilst driving.

Logistics manager (Director de logistica)
His job involves the provision of service to the company's customers. He optimizes the level of customer service and makes decisions regarding the level of stock and the degree flexibility necessary. He manages the flow of equipment and products. He sets targets for the people who work for him in each area and coordinates supply, production and physical distribution. He analyses the degree of collaboration on logistics from the customer and suppliers. He decides on the location of all of the departments (supply chain management).
He evaluates the overall costs and takes corrective measures according to the results. He is responsible for the company's general planning in terms of sales, production, supply and distribution.

Logistics assistant manager (Director adjunto de logistica)
This person collaborates with the logistics supervisor in the organization and development of the functions. He develops general plans for the company. He analyses general logistics costs. He suggests corrective measures. He advises on technological changes. He is the only person responsible for the reverse logistics and the environmental middle logistics.

Materials manager (Director de materials)
He is the person responsible for the distribution process from equipment to the production process. He is responsible for the supply, the level of stock, the warehouse and production planning. He establishes purchasing and supply policies. He advises on the decisions regarding production and purchasing (to produce or to buy). He controls the achievement of production plans and he takes corrective measures in collaboration with the production manager.

Purchasing and logistics manager (Director de compras y logistica)
General supervisor of the distribution of equipment. Responsible for the stock of equipment and their correct supply. He supervises the selection of the suppliers and the most important agreements with them. He draws up policy guidelines and objectives regarding supply issues. He ensures that the best possible use is made of all available resources and assumes responsibility for the overall costs in this area.

Purchasing manager (Director de compras)
He supervises and selects the appropriate suppliers for the achievement of his projects. He defines purchasing strategies and policies. He negotiates the price and defines the lines of negotiation to his subordinates. He organizes the purchasing department. He is responsible for the purchasing budget.

Purchaser (Comprador)
He evaluates the different alternatives for purchasing and chooses the suitable supplier according to the guidance and policies of his superiors. He evaluates the extent to which the respective suppliers are fulfilling their part of the agreement they have entered into. He makes complaints to the suppliers should they fail to respect the agreement. He negotiates prices and conditions of purchasing according to the established policies.

Supplier (Aprovisionador (seguidor)
This person is responsible for the use of equipment. He sends orders to suppliers and controls their execution. Applies the "Just in time" policy for the equipment and suppliers, as indicated by the company. Normally uses computerised systems and, in any case, decides on the stock level.

Purchasing Technician (Técnico de compras)
He is in charge of the combined activities of the purchaser and the supplier.

Quality Manager (Responsable de calidad)
Responsible for quality and supply. He is the person responsible for setting quality objectives and policies. He manages and carries out the control of equipment inbound. He undertakes quality controls of sent products for suppliers. He advises the purchasing and logistics supervisor or, if it is necessary, the purchasing supervisor, on quality issues.

Supply chain manager (Director de sumnistros)
Responsible for the supply and organization of equipment. Responsible for the stock management and control of equipment. He defines the area for the application of the "Just in time" policy. He advises the management on the situation and informs them of what they should be lookiong for when it comes to selecting suppliers.

Operations manager (Director de operaciones)
He manages the flow of equipment and products. He is the person responsible for distribution and the optimization of resources and stock. He defines the company's logistics strategy, level of stock and the average level of required production. He manages, and is the responsible for, general planning.

Operations planning manager (Director de planificacion de operaciones)
He draws up the general planning of the company. With the other supervisors, he establishes the management of products and equipment taking into account the "Just in time" policy and calculates the necessary level of stock. He adjusts plans according to actual sales. He works with the operations supervisor in order to establish logistics policy as defined by the company.

Production planning manager (Director de planificacion de la produccion)
He draws up the company's industrial plan. He determines and calculates the available production capacity and the usage levels so as to avoid saturation of production levels. He draws up the production and supply plan. He optimizes the productive process taking into account the plan techniques such as Manufacturing Requirements Planning (MRP).

Stock control Manager (Responsable de control de stock)
He controls the accuracy of the inventories. He defines processes and methods of control in order to guarantee the accuracy of the stock. He controls the discrepancies and searches for their causes.

Planning foreman (Capataz de programacion)
He draws up and controls planning processes. He organizes the daily planning of average production. He writes the control documents. He devises corrective mechanisms to be applied where discrepancies occur.

Planner/ Programmer (Programador)
He executes the methods set out in the plans. He draws up the daily plan. He corrects and optimizes the plan should this be necessary. He completes the control documents.

Logistics engineering manager (Responsable de ingeniera logistica)
He draws up methods, systems and processes in order to adjust production to meet with demand. He optimizes the degree of flexibility, adjusting it to the stock.

Logistics engineering technician (Técnico de ingeniera logistica)
He optimizes the productive processes. He analyses and prepares design structures. He optimizes the balance between flexibility and stock in specific areas.

Physical distribution manager (Director de distribucion fisica)
He draws up, manages and controls the logistic process of distribution. He determines the transport process to be used for the purposes of distribution. He determines the number of warehouses and platforms to be used. He determines the logistic functionality of each warehouse. He organizes the flow of necessary information.

Warehouse foreman (Capataz de almacén)
He draws up, organizes and controls the structure and the operational warehouse. He draws up the lay-out of products in the warehouse. He determines the methods to be used in handling the goods inbound and outbound. He decides which resources should be used and the way in which the inventory is kept.

Warehouse manager (Almacenero)
This person is responsible for the warehouse area or activity. He is responsible for the organization and distribution of the tasks amongst his subordinates. He provides advice on the correct use of the resources and their optimization. He provides advice on the way in which tasks should be carried out in this area.

ECR Manager (Responsable ECR - efficient consumer response)
He ensures that the best possible use is made of the general logistics in order to supply the customer. He analyses the areas for general improvement. He suggests and negotiates measures in order to reduce general costs. He analyses the results of these related measures from an economic point of view.

Logistics consultant (Consultor en logistica)
He advises companies in the area of logistics. He covers all areas of logistics from a general point of view. He helps with recruitment and may also provide training activities.

Manager of reverse logistics (Responsible de logistica inversa)
He analyses and provides advice on the flow of returns. He works in the area of packaging and packing. He provides advice on the application of current legislation with a view to minimising costs.

In the collective agreements of companies such as Champion (Convenio colectivo estatal Champion), Mercadona S.A. (Convenio colectivo Mercadona S.A), Grandes Almacenes (Convenio colectivo estatal Grandes Almacenes; 2001-2005) and Unide (Convenio colectivo estatal Unide 2002-2004), there are no job descriptions as such, but only definitions concerning professional groups. The reason for this is that there is an official classification of jobs in the collective agreements on salary levels. Each company gives a specific title to a given job, but these titles are for internal use only and there are no job descriptions because the titles are used solely within each individual company.

There is no specific nomenclature of jobs used across the whole of Spain. Indeed, job titles only tend to be used within multinational or foreign companies, even though the jobs are recognised at an international level.
Jobs described and defined in companies depend on the company itself. In Spain, a lot of logistics companies are small and medium-sized businesses. Moreover, Spanish companies do not make a distinction between the description of logistics and transport jobs, unlike the clear distinction which is made within multinational or foreign companies.

In Annexes 3 and 3 bis, the descriptions of logistics jobs have been provided by two Spanish companies which have been interviewed.

5.1 Sabeco S.A
The third Collective Agreement of the supermarket Sabeco SA (III convenio colectivo de supermercados Sabeco SA ; 2000-2003) is valid for all Sabeco supermarkets in Spain, in other words it is a national collective agreement. In it, there is a professional classification comprising six professional groups with a brief definition and in each of them, there are three functional areas (sales, logistics and administration). In each professional group by functional area, there are several jobs descriptions.

The tasks for each logistics job are described, as are the training requirements.

FOR PROFESSIONAL GROUP 1:

Picker (Preparador)
A worker with enough training to correctly carry out the preparation of the orders at the site, whether this be remaining goods or returned goods, transfers, providing the required documents. This person must achieve index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system in use. He uses electrical pallet-trucks with lifted driver or on foot and exceptionally manual pallet-trucks with which he does small jobs such as cleaning, the loading or changing of the battery. He is not required to operate a fork-lift truck.

Handler (Cargador)
A worker with sufficient training to correctly locate goods within a vehicle, checking their stability and their compliance e with the loading documents. He must achieve index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system in use.

Forklift driver (Maquinista)
A worker with sufficient training to drive a fork-lift truck with lifted driver, with which he undertakes handling tasks in the warehouse, in transport, in warehousing, in distribution and the changing of pallets on the shelves or the locations which are determined. He provides the necessary control documents and does minor maintenance work on the trucks, like cleaning, loading and changing the battery. He has to achieve index 100 of the activity, according to the evaluation system in use.

Handler (Mozo)
A new worker, without any specific training, who does auxiliary work in the warehouse: loading, unloading, gathering the pallets, cleaning, etc. His promotion to the category "specialised handler" takes place after a period of two months.

Specialised handler (Mozo especialista)
A worker undergoing training with a view to promotion to any superior category, but who has not yet achieved index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system currently in use. He can possibly carry out auxiliary tasks within the warehouse, cleaning, etc. His promotion to the category for which he training is achieved when he reaches index 100 of the activity.

FOR PROFESSIONAL GROUP 2:

Picker/ Handler (Preparador/cargador)
A worker with sufficient training to carry out all of the tasks of the categories described above, reaching, in any category, index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system in use.

Picker/ Forklift driver (Preparador/maquinista)
A worker with enough training to carry out all of the tasks of the categories described above, reaching, in any category, index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system in use.

Picker/ Receptionist (Preparador/recepcionista)
A worker with enough training in order to carry out all of the tasks of the categories described above, reaching, in any category, index 100 the of activity according to the evaluation system in use.

Multi-skilled operator (Recepcionista)
A worker with enough training to correctly carry out operations involving goods inbound from suppliers, transfers etc., checking that quantities, contents etc are all correct and that they comply with the respective delivery forms and orders. Must also provide all relevant documents. For his work he uses an electrical or manual pallet-truck, he does minor tasks such as cleaning, loading or changing of batteries, but does not operate a forklift truck. He will usually have obtained index 100 of the evaluation system in use.

FOR PROFESSIONAL GROUP 3:

Multi-skilled operator (Preparador/maquinista/recepcionista)
A worker with enough training to carry out all of the tasks of the categories described above, reaching, in any of them, index 100 of the activity according to the evaluation system in use.

5.2 The company Dia SA: Distribuidora Internacional de Alimentacion
For the company Dia SA. (Convenio de la empresa DIA S.A. de Madrid ; 2001-2004), (International Distributor of Food trade), the collective agreement covers workers in the autonomous community of Madrid. The classification of workers is composed of four groups within which further divisions are made according to specific levels. The agreement contains a brief definition of the group in general and a list of categories contained in the group. In the annex to the collective agreement, there is a definition of several logistics jobs such as:

Warehouse manager (Jefe de almacen)
Person who is at the head of a warehouse, responsible for the correct application of the general policies and of the given operational guidelines for the correct functioning of the warehouse.

Warehouse deputy manager (Subjefe de almacen)
Person who receives orders from her/his own direct superior and takes responsibility for one or several sections of the centre, collaborating with his/her own direct superior.

Foreman (Capataz)
Worker who answers to the orders of his immediate superior, manages and supervises the workers of a determined sector inside a section or a service. He ensures discipline and productivity through the accomplishment of certain tasks.

Maintenance technician (Técnico de mantenimiento)
Person with a sufficient amount of technical and practical knowledge, who works inside a warehouse and is in charge of all aspects of maintenance work on all of the warehouse equipment such as refrigeration units, mechanical equipment, heating equipment, electrical equipment and all industrial equipment in general.

Deputy-foreman (Subcapataz)
Worker who is accountable to the foreman. He is responsible for a group of handlers and specialised handlers or for a determined sector and in the same way responsible for the execution of certain tasks, discipline and productivity.

Handler/specialised handler (Mozo mozo especialista)
Person who carries out the transportation of goods both inside and outside the warehouse, classifying goods according to their nature, locating them in their pre-assigned areas. He may also carry out manual work with the assistance of mechanical equipment.

Maintenance assistant (Ayudante de mantenimiento)
Person who does auxiliary work concerning the organization of the storage areas, transportation of equipment and simple machine maintenance tasks.

Other sources of job descriptions were found on the website, http://www.InfoJobs.net which is a website that advertises jobs vacancies in logistics in Spain. Here are the descriptions given to logistics:

Forklift driver (Carretillero)
Organization of the industrial warehouse, orders preparation, help loading and unloading.

Multi-skilled operator (Preparador almacén)
Preparation of orders, equipment management, ability to operate a forklift.

Multi-skilled operator (Peones)
Distribution, warehouse organization, loading and unloading, experience with forklift trucks

Multi-skilled operator (Manipuladoras-Mozas de almacén)
Orders preparation, packaging, experience with forklift trucks.

Warehouse manager (Encargado)
Responsible for warehouse and logistics. Goods inbound, goods outbound, stocks, dispatch, suppliers.Responsible for a small team.

Warehouse manager (Responsable de almacén)
Supervision from the central warehouse of stock management, contacts with suppliers, preparation of information for the direct managers and for the administration.

Manager (Gerente de reingenieria)
To redefine operative processes and devise new forms of management. He participates in projects regarding warehouse operations. Creation of a central warehouse.

Warehouse Manager (Jefe de almacén)
Warehouse coordination and management. Responsible for operative and administrative processes concerning goods reception and dispatching. Organization of the physical distribution processes, supervision of loading and unloading operations.

Warehouse assistant (Auxiliar almacén)
His functions are to control orders, receipt notes in the warehouse, inventory and management of guarantees.
Must be IT literate, have experience in warehouse management and dealing with inventories. Must be a good organiser and be good at team work.

Planning and logistics manager (Responsable planificacion y logistica)
Directly accountable to the general management and works in close collaboration with the managers of certain areas (technical-industrial and quality) his mission consists of:

• Production planning and management of the production resources
• Supply and internal logistics
• Productivity and cost control
• Implementation and follow-up of progress within production.

In Spain we find a large number of logistics jobs which have been recorded by various bodies and organisations. Some of them include a fairly complete job description. At a national level there are no descriptions of logistics jobs which can be applied to all sectors of activity. Indeed, that is why the INE has related the job descriptions from other national classifications to their own job descriptions.

On the other hand, as we have seen in the collective agreements or the studies on the autonomous provinces in Spain, the major job description initiatives undertaken in Spain have been at the regional or sectoral level.

Within the sectoral studies, emphasis has been placed on vocational training and, in this context, the lack of training for logistics jobs is also highlighted.